Author name: Shannon Garcia

nasa-likely-to-significantly-delay-the-launch-of-crew-9-due-to-starliner-issues

NASA likely to significantly delay the launch of Crew 9 due to Starliner issues

crew dragon, NASA, Science, Space, starliner / /
Boeing's Starliner spacecraft is lifted to be placed atop an Atlas V rocket for its first crewed launch.

Enlarge / Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft is lifted to be placed atop an Atlas V rocket for its first crewed launch.

United Launch Alliance

NASA is planning to significantly delay the launch of the Crew 9 mission to the International Space Station due to ongoing concerns about the Starliner spacecraft currently attached to the station.

While the space agency has not said anything publicly, sources say NASA should announce the decision this week. Officials are contemplating moving the Crew-9 mission from its current date of August 18 to September 24, a significant slip.

Nominally, this Crew Dragon mission will carry NASA astronauts Zena Cardman, spacecraft commander; Nick Hague, pilot; and Stephanie Wilson, mission specialist; as well as Roscosmos cosmonaut Alexander Gorbunov, for a six-month journey to the space station. However, NASA has been considering alternatives to the crew lineup—possibly launching with two astronauts instead of four—due to ongoing discussions about the viability of Starliner to safely return astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams to Earth.

As of late last week, NASA still had not decided whether the Starliner vehicle, which is built and operated by Boeing, should be used to fly its two crew members home. During its launch and ascent to the space station two months ago, five small thrusters on the Starliner spacecraft failed. After extensive ground testing of the thrusters, as well as some brief in-space firings, NASA had planned to make a decision last week on whether to return Starliner with crew. However, a Flight Readiness Review planned for last Thursday was delayed after internal disagreements at NASA about the safety of Starliner.

At issue is the performance of the small reaction control system thrusters in proximity to the space station. If the right combination of them fail before Starliner has moved sufficiently far from the station, Starliner could become uncontrollable and collide with the space station. The thrusters are also needed later in the flight back to Earth to set up the critical de-orbit burn and entry in Earth’s atmosphere.

Software struggles

NASA has quietly been studying the possibility of crew returning in a Dragon for more than a month. As NASA and Boeing engineers have yet to identify a root cause of the thruster failure, the possibility of Wilmore and Williams returning on a Dragon spacecraft has increased in the last 10 days. NASA has consistently said that ‘crew safety’ will be its No. 1 priority in deciding how to proceed.

The Crew 9 delay is relevant to the Starliner dilemma for a couple of reasons. One, it gives NASA more time to determine the flight-worthiness of Starliner. However, there is also another surprising reason for the delay—the need to update Starliner’s flight software. Three separate, well-placed sources have confirmed to Ars that the current flight software on board Starliner cannot perform an automated undocking from the space station and entry into Earth’s atmosphere.

At first blush, this seems absurd. After all, Boeing’s Orbital Flight Test 2 mission in May 2022 was a fully automated test of the Starliner vehicle. During this mission, the spacecraft flew up to the space station without crew on board and then returned to Earth six days later. Although the 2022 flight test was completed by a different Starliner vehicle, it clearly demonstrated the ability of the program’s flight software to autonomously dock and return to Earth. Boeing did not respond to a media query about why this capability was removed for the crew flight test.

NASA likely to significantly delay the launch of Crew 9 due to Starliner issues Read More »

path-to-precision:-targeted-cancer-drugs-go-from-table-to-trials-to-bedside

Path to precision: Targeted cancer drugs go from table to trials to bedside

cancer, fda, Features, Genetics, Janet Rowley, next generation sequencing, precision medicine, Science, targeted cancer treatments, Tyrosine kinase / /
Path to precision: Targeted cancer drugs go from table to trials to bedside

Aurich Lawson

In 1972, Janet Rowley sat at her dining room table and cut tiny chromosomes from photographs she had taken in her laboratory. One by one, she snipped out the small figures her children teasingly called paper dolls. She then carefully laid them out in 23 matching pairs—and warned her kids not to sneeze.

The physician-scientist had just mastered a new chromosome-staining technique in a year-long sabbatical at Oxford. But it was in the dining room of her Chicago home where she made the discovery that would dramatically alter the course of cancer research.

Rowley's 1973 partial karyotype showing the 9;22 translocation

Enlarge / Rowley’s 1973 partial karyotype showing the 9;22 translocation

Looking over the chromosomes of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), she realized that segments of chromosomes 8 and 21 had broken off and swapped places—a genetic trade called a translocation. She looked at the chromosomes of other AML patients and saw the same switch: the 8;21 translocation.

Later that same year, she saw another translocation, this time in patients with a different type of blood cancer, called chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Patients with CML were known to carry a puzzling abnormality in chromosome 22 that made it appear shorter than normal. The abnormality was called the Philadelphia chromosome after its discovery by two researchers in Philadelphia in 1959. But it wasn’t until Rowley pored over her meticulously set dining table that it became clear why chromosome 22 was shorter—a chunk of it had broken off and traded places with a small section of chromosome 9, a 9;22 translocation.

Rowley had the first evidence that genetic abnormalities were the cause of cancer. She published her findings in 1973, with the CML translocation published in a single-author study in Nature. In the years that followed, she strongly advocated for the idea that the abnormalities were significant for cancer. But she was initially met with skepticism. At the time, many researchers considered chromosomal abnormalities to be a result of cancer, not the other way around. Rowley’s findings were rejected from the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine. “I got sort of amused tolerance at the beginning,” she said before her death in 2013.

The birth of targeted treatments

But the evidence mounted quickly. In 1977, Rowley and two of her colleagues at the University of Chicago identified another chromosomal translocation—15;17—that causes a rare blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukemia. By 1990, over 70 translocations had been identified in cancers.

The significance mounted quickly as well. Following Rowley’s discovery of the 9;22 translocation in CML, researchers figured out that the genetic swap creates a fusion of two genes. Part of the ABL gene normally found on chromosome 9 becomes attached to the BCR gene on chromosome 22, creating the cancer-driving BCR::ABL fusion gene on chromosome 22. This genetic merger codes for a signaling protein—a tyrosine kinase—that is permanently stuck in “active” mode. As such, it perpetually triggers signaling pathways that lead white blood cells to grow uncontrollably.

Schematic of the 9;22 translocation and the creation of the BCR::ABL fusion gene.

Enlarge / Schematic of the 9;22 translocation and the creation of the BCR::ABL fusion gene.

By the mid-1990s, researchers had developed a drug that blocks the BCR-ABL protein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) called imatinib. For patients in the chronic phase of CML—about 90 percent of CML patients—imatinib raised the 10-year survival rate from less than 50 percent to a little over 80 percent. Imatinib (sold as Gleevec or Glivec) earned approval from the Food and Drug Administration in 2001, marking the first approval for a cancer therapy targeting a known genetic alteration.

With imatinib’s success, targeted cancer therapies—aka precision medicine—took off. By the early 2000s, there was widespread interest among researchers to precisely identify the genetic underpinnings of cancer. At the same time, the revolutionary development of next-generation genetic sequencing acted like jet fuel for the soaring field. The technology eased the identification of mutations and genetic abnormalities driving cancers. Sequencing is now considered standard care in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of many cancers.

The development of gene-targeting cancer therapies skyrocketed. Classes of TKIs, like imatinib, expanded particularly fast. There are now over 50 FDA-approved TKIs targeting a wide variety of cancers. For instance, the TKIs lapatinib, neratinib, tucatinib, and pyrotinib target human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which runs amok in some breast and gastric cancers. The TKI ruxolitinib targets Janus kinase 2, which is often mutated in the rare blood cancer myelofibrosis and the slow-growing blood cancer polycythemia vera. CML patients, meanwhile, now have five TKI therapies to choose from.

Path to precision: Targeted cancer drugs go from table to trials to bedside Read More »

buying-shady-weight-loss-drugs-online-is-a-bad-idea,-in-case-you-were-wondering

Buying shady weight loss drugs online is a bad idea, in case you were wondering

counterfeit drugs, diabetes, fda, JAMA, obesity, Ozempic, Science, wegovy, weight loss / /

buyer beware —

Risk assessment study of illegal online pharmacies offers some unsurprising data.

–

Buying shady weight loss drugs online is a bad idea, in case you were wondering

Buying counterfeit weight loss drugs from illegal online pharmacies that don’t require prescriptions is, in fact, a very bad idea, according to a study published Friday in JAMA Network Open.

The counterfeit drugs are sold as equivalents to the blockbuster semaglutide drugs, Ozempic and Wegovy, which are prescription only. When researchers got their hands on three illegal versions, they found that the counterfeit drugs had low-purity semaglutide, had dosages that exceeded the labeled amount, and one had signs of bacterial contamination.

The three substandard drugs tested came from three different illegal online pharmacies, which sold them as generic semaglutide drugs for weight loss, appetite suppression, diabetes, and cardiovascular health. However, the researchers, led by scientists at the University of California, San Diego, and the University of Pécs in Hungary, had initially tried purchasing counterfeit drugs from six such sellers.

Three of the illegal pharmacies, which specifically sold Ozempic knockoffs, never delivered the drugs after researchers paid for them. Instead, the researchers were hit with “nondelivery” scams, in which the sellers requested additional, hefty payments, supposedly needed to get through customs. These extra fees ranged from $650 to $1,200—much more than what the researchers paid for small dosages of the counterfeit drugs, which ranged from $113 to $360 across the six sellers.

Rogue pharmacies

The Ozempic scams were run out of the rogue online pharmacies: weightcrunchshop.com, puremedsonline.com, and genius-pharmacy.com. The three pharmacies that delivered dubious drugs included semaspace.com, uschemlabs.com, and biotechpeptides.com.

Two of the sellers—semaspace.com and uschemlabs.com—have already received warning letters from the Food and Drug Administration for selling unapproved, misbranded drugs. At the time of publication, the Semaspace website was no longer reachable. The US Chem Labs site was still available, but their semaglutide vials were all listed as out of stock.

The study’s findings, while unsurprising, highlight the risk people may take in efforts to get hold of the popular drugs. Steep prices, lack of insurance coverage, and drug shortages have kept the drugs out of reach for many who could benefit from them. Compounding pharmacies have stepped in to make copycat versions. While these are legal and can come from legitimate pharmacies—ones that are properly registered and require prescriptions—they also carry risks. Compounded drugs are not approved by the FDA and may pose safety and efficacy risks. Last week, the FDA warned of increasing reports of people overdosing on semaglutide products made in compounding pharmacies, leading some patients to be hospitalized.

Buying shady weight loss drugs online is a bad idea, in case you were wondering Read More »

there-are-2,000-plus-dead-rockets-in-orbit—here’s-a-rare-view-of-one

There are 2,000-plus dead rockets in orbit—here’s a rare view of one

Astroscale, Commercial space, h-iia, Japan, JAXA, launch, Science, Space, space debris / /
Astroscale's ADRAS-J spacecraft captured these views of the H-IIA rocket upper stage on July 15.

Enlarge / Astroscale’s ADRAS-J spacecraft captured these views of the H-IIA rocket upper stage on July 15.

There are more than 2,000 mostly intact dead rockets circling the Earth, but until this year, no one ever launched a satellite to go see what one looked like after many years of tumbling around the planet.

In February, a Japanese company named Astroscale sent a small satellite into low-Earth orbit on top of a Rocket Lab launcher. A couple of months later, Astroscale’s ADRAS-J (Active Debris Removal by Astroscale-Japan) spacecraft completed its pursuit of a Japanese rocket stuck in orbit for more than 15 years.

ADRAS-J photographed the upper stage of an H-IIA rocket from a range of several hundred meters and then backed away. This was the first publicly released image of space debris captured from another spacecraft using rendezvous and proximity operations.

Since then, Astroscale has pulled off more complex maneuvers around the H-IIA upper stage, which hasn’t been controlled since it deployed a Japanese climate research satellite in January 2009. Astroscale attempted to complete a 360-degree fly-around of the H-IIA rocket last month, but the spacecraft triggered an autonomous abort one-third through the maneuver after detecting an attitude anomaly.

ADRAS-J flew away from the H-IIA rocket for several weeks. After engineers determined the cause of the glitch that triggered the abort, ADRAS-J fired thrusters to approach the upper stage again this month. The ADRAS-J spacecraft is about the size of a kitchen oven, while the H-IIA rocket it’s visiting is nearly the size of a city bus.

Astroscale’s satellite completed two fly-around maneuvers of the H-IIA upper stage on July 15 and 16, examining all sides of the rocket as it soared more than 350 miles (560 kilometers) above the planet. Engineers also wanted to measure the upper stage’s spin rate and spin axis. At first glance, the upper stage appears remarkably similar to the way it looked when it launched. Despite exposure to the harsh conditions of space, the rocket’s outer skin remains covered in orange foam insulation, and the engine nozzle still shines as if it were new.

ADRAS-J autonomously maneuvered around the rocket at a distance of about 50 meters (164 feet), using navigation data from a light detection and ranging sensor and Astroscale’s custom-developed guidance algorithms to control its position as the vehicles moved around Earth at nearly 4.7 miles per second (7.6 kilometers per second). This is the crux of the challenge for ADRAS-J because the rocket is unpowered and unable to hold position. The upper stage also lacks laser reflectors and targets that would aid an approaching spacecraft.

This is a first

These types of complex maneuvers, known as rendezvous and proximity operations (RPO), are common for crew and cargo spacecraft around the International Space Station. Other commercial satellites have demonstrated formation-flying and even docking with a spacecraft that wasn’t designed to connect with another vehicle in orbit.

Military satellites from the United States, Russia, and China also have RPO capabilities, but as far as we know, these spacecraft have only maneuvered in ultra-close range around so-called “cooperative” objects designed to receive them. In 2003, the Air Force Research Laboratory launched a small satellite named XSS-10 to inspect the upper stage of a Delta II rocket in orbit, but it had a head start. XSS-10 maneuvered around the same rocket that deployed it, rather than pursuing a separate target.

There are 2,000-plus dead rockets in orbit—here’s a rare view of one Read More »

legendary-rom-hacking-site-shutting-down-after-almost-20-years

Legendary ROM hacking site shutting down after almost 20 years

gaming, gideon zhi, nightcrawler, retro games, rom hacking, romhacking.net / /

RomHacking.net —

Disputes about how to keep the site going led founder to archive and close it.

–

Super Mario Land 2 in full color, with Mario jumping over spiky balls.

Enlarge / A thing that exists through ROM hacking, and ROMHacking.net: Super Mario Land 2, in color.

Nintendo/Toruzz

If there was something wrong with an old game, or you wanted to make a different version of it, and you wanted people to help you fix that, you typically did that on RomHacking.net. After this week, you’ll have to go elsewhere.

For nearly 20 years, the site has been home to some remarkable remakes, translations, fix-ups, and experiments. Star Fox running at 60 fps, Super Mario Land 2 in color, a fix for Super Mario 64‘s bad smoke, even a Pac-Man “demake” that Namco spiffed up and resold—and that’s not even counting the stuff that was pulled down by corporate cease-and-desist actions. It’s a remarkable collection, one that encompasses both very obscure and mainstream games and well worth preserving.

Preserved it will be, but it seems that the RomHacking site will not go on further. The site’s founder posted a sign-off statement to the site Thursday night, one that in turn praised the community, decried certain members of it, and looked forward to what will happen with “the next generation.”

To condense the statement by founder Nightcrawler: the site had come a long way, he missed the early small-group days, there are more options now, and then, last year, he attempted to hand control over to a small internal group. That is when, Nightcrawler writes, he “discovered a most dishonest and hate filled group,” one that targeted him for cutting out of the site and harassment.

The site’s database, minus accounts and profiles, has been handed off to the Internet Archive. RomHacking will have news posts and forums, but everything else is read-only, and the official Twitter and Discord “affiliations” are ended.

“I thank all of the many staff and community members whom kept the wheels turning and the lights on over the years. I am proud of our many accomplishments here together. I will carry forward remembering the good times, laughing about the bad times, and knowing she was right for the time, but time has a way of moving on,” Nightcrawler wrote.

Not the whole story

Gideon Zhi, proprietor of Time Capsule Games and member of RomHacking for more than 20 years, took issue with Nightcrawler’s monologued coda. In a thread on X (formerly Twitter), Zhi acknowledged the site’s technical debt, monetary cost, and the burnout in being its administrator. “But he existed as a single point of failure for the site and exerted iron-fisted control over community-created content, and categorically refused basically all offers of help over the last decade,” Zhi wrote.

Zhi details a near abandonment of the site last year, followed by attempts by interested members, gathered on the site’s Discord chat server, to transition the site’s back-end to modern storage and file serving, such as Amazon Web Services S3, and last-minute refusal by Nightcrawler to enact the changes. He also denied that the volunteers on the attempted transition threatened or doxxed Nightcrawler.

An administrator on the now “unofficial” Discord for the site confirmed a “rocky” relationship between the founder and the would-be administrators, as reported by PC Gamer. The Discord admin also denied threats or harassment toward Nightcrawler.

While ROM hacking, translation, demakes, and other game-altering work will certainly continue elsewhere, the gaming world has lost a kind of central depot for the most notable fixes, one with a community full of very experienced hackers.

Legendary ROM hacking site shutting down after almost 20 years Read More »

nzxt-wants-you-to-pay-up-to-$169/month-to-rent-a-gaming-pc

NZXT wants you to pay up to $169/month to rent a gaming PC

Desktops, gaming, gaming PC, subscriptions, Tech / /

Why own when you can… rent? —

NZXT Flex subscription has “new or like-new” PCs, one-time $50 shipping fee.

–

NZXT gaming PC

Enlarge / NZXT’s subscription program charges $169/month for this build.

NZXT, which sells gaming PCs, components, and peripherals, has a subscription program that charges a monthly fee to rent one of its gaming desktops. Subscribers don’t own the computers and receive an upgraded rental system every two years.

NZXT’s Flex program subscription prices range from $49 to $169 per month, depending on the specs of the system, as you can see below:

The footnote is:

Enlarge / The footnote is: “Specs of PCs subject to change based on availability.”

NZXT

There’s also a one-time setup and shipping fee for the rentals that totals $50. NZXT says it will “likely” charge subscribers a separate fee if they return the rental without the original box and packaging (NZXT hasn’t disclosed how much).

The systems received, per NZXT’s website, will be “new or like-new.” Users may get refurbished systems and should check their rental for any defects, per subscription agreement terms from Fragile, which helps manage the subscription service.

NZXT says subscribers get 24/7 customer support with their subscription. The Irvine, California-headquartered company also says that there are no cancellation fees, and subscribers get a prepaid return label with their rental system. As noted by The Verge, NZXT started promoting Flex as early as February; it’s unclear how much interest it has garnered.

Per the subscription agreement, users can be charged the full retail value of the system if it’s returned damaged or altered (self-upgrades/repairs have limits) and monthly interest rates of 8 percent if they stop paying the monthly fee for over 60 days.

Who’s this for?

In an announcement Wednesday, NZXT looked to frame Flex as a way to make PC gaming more accessible and highlighted use cases where it thinks rental PCs make sense.

In a shared statement, the CEO of esports team FlyQuest suggested there’s a place for rental PCs in esports, which often relies on expensive gear delivered through sponsorships. In a statement, Brian Anderson said: “New hardware is being released frequently, and having access to industry-leading products is vital to staying competitive. NZXT Flex provides us with the confidence that we’ll always have access to the top-of-the-line builds so that we can create content and play at our highest level for our fans.”

The announcement also highlights a supposed customer who said the program let them immediately get a gaming PC that they can’t afford. The program also targets people who only need a high-end PC for a short period or who want easy biennial upgrades.

But for most, rental PCs don’t make much fiscal sense long-term, as monthly fees add up over time. For example, the cheapest plan would cost $758 the first year (including the setup/shipping fee), which is more than various prebuilt gaming PCs and DIY builds.

Subscribers also don’t own the computer. They can get an upgraded system after two years, but in that time, they will have spent $1,466 to $4,106 for hardware that they don’t own. Meanwhile, $1,466 to $4,106 could fetch a quality PC that you could own and continue getting value from beyond two years.

Flex also competes with PC rental programs from companies like Rent-A-Center and Aaron’s that let people rent to own. A few months ago, an NZXT representative confirmed via Reddit that Flex isn’t a rent-to-own program. The rep said that computer buyouts could be allowed but that only a portion of rental payments would apply to the purchase.

Those seeking immediate PC gaming gratification with limited funds also have options in payment plans/financing, used systems, and cloud gaming—all of which have drawbacks but let you compute and play games with hardware that you own.

Recently, more tech brands have been showing interest in trying to draw subscription dollars from consumer gadgets that typically only net a one-time profit. HP, for example, has a printer rental program where you pay to use a printer that you don’t own and that HP tracks. Logitech CEO Hanneke Faber also recently discussed interest in selling a “forever mouse” that people would own but requires a subscription to receive ongoing software updates.

NZXT wants you to pay up to $169/month to rent a gaming PC Read More »

sam-altman-accused-of-being-shady-about-openai’s-safety-efforts

Sam Altman accused of being shady about OpenAI’s safety efforts

AI risks, AI safety, chuck grassley, existential risks, openai, Policy, sam altman, Securities and Exchange Commission, whistleblowers / /
Sam Altman, chief executive officer of OpenAI, during an interview at Bloomberg House on the opening day of the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Switzerland, on Tuesday, Jan. 16, 2024.

Enlarge / Sam Altman, chief executive officer of OpenAI, during an interview at Bloomberg House on the opening day of the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Switzerland, on Tuesday, Jan. 16, 2024.

OpenAI is facing increasing pressure to prove it’s not hiding AI risks after whistleblowers alleged to the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that the AI company’s non-disclosure agreements had illegally silenced employees from disclosing major safety concerns to lawmakers.

In a letter to OpenAI yesterday, Senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) demanded evidence that OpenAI is no longer requiring agreements that could be “stifling” its “employees from making protected disclosures to government regulators.”

Specifically, Grassley asked OpenAI to produce current employment, severance, non-disparagement, and non-disclosure agreements to reassure Congress that contracts don’t discourage disclosures. That’s critical, Grassley said, so that it will be possible to rely on whistleblowers exposing emerging threats to help shape effective AI policies safeguarding against existential AI risks as technologies advance.

Grassley has apparently twice requested these records without a response from OpenAI, his letter said. And so far, OpenAI has not responded to the most recent request to send documents, Grassley’s spokesperson, Clare Slattery, told The Washington Post.

“It’s not enough to simply claim you’ve made ‘updates,’” Grassley said in a statement provided to Ars. “The proof is in the pudding. Altman needs to provide records and responses to my oversight requests so Congress can accurately assess whether OpenAI is adequately protecting its employees and users.”

In addition to requesting OpenAI’s recently updated employee agreements, Grassley pushed OpenAI to be more transparent about the total number of requests it has received from employees seeking to make federal disclosures since 2023. The senator wants to know what information employees wanted to disclose to officials and whether OpenAI actually approved their requests.

Along the same lines, Grassley asked OpenAI to confirm how many investigations the SEC has opened into OpenAI since 2023.

Together, these documents would shed light on whether OpenAI employees are potentially still being silenced from making federal disclosures, what kinds of disclosures OpenAI denies, and how closely the SEC is monitoring OpenAI’s seeming efforts to hide safety risks.

“It is crucial OpenAI ensure its employees can provide protected disclosures without illegal restrictions,” Grassley wrote in his letter.

He has requested a response from OpenAI by August 15 so that “Congress may conduct objective and independent oversight on OpenAI’s safety protocols and NDAs.”

OpenAI did not immediately respond to Ars’ request for comment.

On X, Altman wrote that OpenAI has taken steps to increase transparency, including “working with the US AI Safety Institute on an agreement where we would provide early access to our next foundation model so that we can work together to push forward the science of AI evaluations.” He also confirmed that OpenAI wants “current and former employees to be able to raise concerns and feel comfortable doing so.”

“This is crucial for any company, but for us especially and an important part of our safety plan,” Altman wrote. “In May, we voided non-disparagement terms for current and former employees and provisions that gave OpenAI the right (although it was never used) to cancel vested equity. We’ve worked hard to make it right.”

In July, whistleblowers told the SEC that OpenAI should be required to produce not just current employee contracts, but all contracts that contained a non-disclosure agreement to ensure that OpenAI hasn’t been obscuring a history or current practice of obscuring AI safety risks. They want all current and former employees to be notified of any contract that included an illegal NDA and for OpenAI to be fined for every illegal contract.

Sam Altman accused of being shady about OpenAI’s safety efforts Read More »

human-muscle-cells-come-back-from-space,-look-aged

Human muscle cells come back from space, look aged

Biology, gene activity, muscle cells, Science, Space, Space exploration / /

Putting some muscle into it —

Astronauts’ muscles atrophy in space, but we can identify the genes involved.

–

Image of two astronauts in an equipment filled chamber, standing near the suits they wear for extravehicular activities.

Enlarge / Muscle atrophy is a known hazard of spending time on the International Space Station.

Muscle-on-chip systems are three-dimensional human muscle cell bundles cultured on collagen scaffolds. A Stanford University research team sent some of these systems to the International Space Station to study the muscle atrophy commonly observed in astronauts.

It turns out that space triggers processes in human muscles that eerily resemble something we know very well: getting old. “We learned that microgravity mimics some of the qualities of accelerated aging,” said Ngan F. Huang, an associate professor at Stanford who led the study.

Space-borne bioconstructs

“This work originates from our lab’s expertise in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. We received funding to do a tissue engineering experiment on the ISS, which really helped us embark on this journey, and became curious how microgravity affects human health,” said Huang. So her team got busy designing the research equipment needed to work onboard the space station. The first step was building the muscle-on-chip systems.

“A lot of what was known about how space affects muscles was gathered through studying the astronauts or studying animals like mice put in microgravity for research purposes,” Huang said. “In some cases, there were also in vitro cultured cells on a Petri dish—something very basic. We wanted to have something more structurally complex.” Her team developed a muscle-on-chip platform in which human myotubes, cells that organize into long parallel bundles that eventually become muscle fibers in a living organism, were grown on collagen scaffolds. The goal was to make the samples emulate real muscles better. But that came with a challenge: keeping them alive on the ISS.

“When we grow cells on Earth, we pour the medium—basically a liquid with nutrients that allow the cells to grow—over the cells, and everything is fine,” Huang said. “But in space, in the absence of gravity, we needed a closed, leak-proof, tightly sealed chamber. The medium was sloshed around in there.”

Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels were maintained with permeable membranes. Changing the medium was a complicated procedure involving syringes and small custom-designed ports. But getting all this gadgetry up and running was worth it in the end.

Genes of atrophy

Huang’s team had two sets of muscle-on-chip systems: one on the ground and one on the ISS. The idea of the study was to compare the genes that were upregulated or downregulated in each sample set. It turned out that many genes associated with aging saw their activity increase in microgravity conditions.

This result was confirmed when the team analyzed the medium that was taken off after the cells had grown in it. “The goal was to identify proteins released by the cells that were associated with microgravity. Among those, the most notable was the GDF15, which is relevant to different diseases, particularly mitochondrial dysfunction or senescence,” said Huang.

Overall, the condition of cells on the ISS was somewhat similar to sarcopenia, an age-related muscle loss disease. “There were some similarities, but also a lot of differences. The reason we didn’t make sarcopenia the main focus of this study is that we know our muscle-on-chip system is a model. It’s mostly muscle cells on a scaffold. It doesn’t have blood vessels or nerves. Comparing that to clinical, real muscle samples is a bit tricky, as it is not comparing apples to apples,” said Huang.

Nevertheless, her team went on to use their ISS muscle-on-chip samples to conduct proof-of-concept drug screening tests. Drugs they tested included those used to treat sarcopenia, among other conditions.

Space drugs

“One of the drugs we tested was the [protein] IGF 1, which is a growth factor naturally found in the body in different tissues, especially in muscles. When there is an injury, IGF 1 activates within a body to initiate muscle regeneration. Also, IGF 1 tend to be declined in aging muscles,” said Huang. The second drug tested was 15-PGDH-i, a relatively new inhibitor of enzymes that hinder the process of muscle regeneration. Used on the muscles-on-chip on the ISS, the drugs partially reduced some of the microgravity-related effects.

“One of the limitations of this work was that on the ISS, the microgravity is also accompanied by other factors, such as ionizing radiation, and it is hard to dissociate one from the other,” said Huang. It’s still unclear if the effects observed in the ISS samples were there due to radiation, the lack of gravity, both, or some additional factor. Huang’s team plans to do similar experiments on Earth in simulated microgravity conditions. “With some of the specialized equipment we recently acquired, it is possible to look at just the effects of microgravity,” Huang said. Those experiments are aimed at testing a wider range of drugs.

“The reason we do this drug screening is to develop drugs that could either be taken preemptively or during the flight to counteract muscle atrophy. It would probably be more feasible, lighter, and cheaper than doing artificial gravity concepts,” Huang said. The most promising candidate drugs selected in these ground experiments will be tested on Huang’s muscle-on-chip systems onboard the ISS in 2025.

Stem Cell Reports, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.06.010

Human muscle cells come back from space, look aged Read More »

now-that-decent-arm-powered-pcs-exist,-qualcomm’s-ceo-wants-to-make-them-cheaper

Now that decent Arm-powered PCs exist, Qualcomm’s CEO wants to make them cheaper

copilot, microsoft, qualcomm, snapdragon x, Tech, Windows 11, windows 11 24h2 / /

an arm and a leg —

The first wave of Snapdragon X Plus and Elite systems are mostly $1,000 and up.

–

Microsoft's Arm-powered Surface Laptop 7. We're still waiting for Arm chips to make their way into cheaper PCs.

Enlarge / Microsoft’s Arm-powered Surface Laptop 7. We’re still waiting for Arm chips to make their way into cheaper PCs.

Andrew Cunningham

For the first time in the decade-plus that Microsoft has been trying to make Arm-powered Windows PCs happen, we’ve finally got some pretty good ones. The latest Surface Pro and Surface Laptop (and the other Copilot+ PCs) benefit from extensive work done to Windows 11’s x86 translation layer, a wider selection of native apps, and most importantly, Snapdragon X Pro and X Elite chips from Qualcomm that are as good as or better than Intel’s or AMD’s current offerings.

The main problem with these computers is that they’re all on the expensive side. The cheapest Snapdragon X PC right now is probably this $899 developer kit mini-desktop; the cheapest laptops start around the same $1,000 price as the entry-level MacBook Air.

That’s a problem Qualcomm hopes to correct next year. Qualcomm CEO Christiano Amon said on the company’s Q3 earnings call (as recorded by The Verge) that the company was hoping to bring Arm PC prices down to $700 at some point in 2025, noting that these cheaper PCs wouldn’t compromise the performance of the Snapdragon X series’ built-in neural processing unit (NPU).

That Amon singled out the NPU is interesting because it leaves the door open to further reductions in CPU and GPU performance to make cheaper products that can hit those lower prices. The Snapdragon X Plus series keeps the exact same NPU as the X Elite, for example, but comes with fewer CPU and GPU cores that are clocked lower than the Snapdragon X Elite chips.

Qualcomm may want to keep NPU performance the same because Microsoft has a minimum NPU performance requirement of 40 trillion operations per second (TOPS) to qualify for its Copilot+ PC label and associated features in Windows 11. Other requirements include 16GB of memory and 256GB of storage, but Microsoft specifically hasn’t made specific CPU or GPU performance recommendations for the Copilot+ program beyond the basic ones necessary for running Windows 11 in the first place. Copilot+ PCs come with additional AI-powered features that take advantage of local processing power rather than sending requests to the cloud, though as of this writing, there aren’t many of these features, and one of the biggest ones (Recall) has been delayed indefinitely because of privacy and security concerns.

Lofty goals for Arm PCs

Both Arm and Qualcomm have made lofty claims about their goals in the PC market. Arm CEO Rene Haas says Arm chips could account for more than half of all Windows PC shipments in the next five years, and Amon has said that PC OEMs expect as much as 60 percent of their systems to ship with Arm chips in the next three years.

These claims seem overly optimistic; Intel and AMD aren’t going anywhere and aren’t standing still, and despite improvements to Windows-on-Arm, the PC ecosystem still has decades invested in x86 chips. But if either company is ever going to get anywhere close to those numbers, fielding decent systems at more mass-market prices will be key to achieving that kind of volume.

Hopefully, the cheaper Snapdragon systems will be available both as regular laptops and as mini desktops, like Qualcomm’s dev kit desktop. To succeed, the Arm Windows ecosystem will need to mirror what is available in both the x86 PC ecosystem and Apple’s Mac lineup to capture as many buyers as possible.

And the more Arm PCs there are out there, the more incentive developers will have to continue fixing Windows-on-Arm’s last lingering compatibility problems. Third-party drivers for things like printers, mice, audio preamps and mixers, and other accessories are the biggest issue right now since there’s no way to translate the x86 versions. The only way to support this hardware will be with more Arm-native software, and the only way to get more Arm-native software is to make it worth developers’ time to write it.

Now that decent Arm-powered PCs exist, Qualcomm’s CEO wants to make them cheaper Read More »

chatgpt-advanced-voice-mode-impresses-testers-with-sound-effects,-catching-its-breath

ChatGPT Advanced Voice Mode impresses testers with sound effects, catching its breath

Advanced Voice Mode, AI, ai voice generators, audio synthesis, Biz & IT, chatgpt, chatgtp, large language models, machine learning, openai, text synthesis, voice synthesis / /

I Am the Very Model of a Modern Major-General —

AVM allows uncanny real-time voice conversations with ChatGPT that you can interrupt.

–

Stock Photo: AI Cyborg Robot Whispering Secret Or Interesting Gossip

Enlarge / A stock photo of a robot whispering to a man.

On Tuesday, OpenAI began rolling out an alpha version of its new Advanced Voice Mode to a small group of ChatGPT Plus subscribers. This feature, which OpenAI previewed in May with the launch of GPT-4o, aims to make conversations with the AI more natural and responsive. In May, the feature triggered criticism of its simulated emotional expressiveness and prompted a public dispute with actress Scarlett Johansson over accusations that OpenAI copied her voice. Even so, early tests of the new feature shared by users on social media have been largely enthusiastic.

In early tests reported by users with access, Advanced Voice Mode allows them to have real-time conversations with ChatGPT, including the ability to interrupt the AI mid-sentence almost instantly. It can sense and respond to a user’s emotional cues through vocal tone and delivery, and provide sound effects while telling stories.

But what has caught many people off-guard initially is how the voices simulate taking a breath while speaking.

“ChatGPT Advanced Voice Mode counting as fast as it can to 10, then to 50 (this blew my mind—it stopped to catch its breath like a human would),” wrote tech writer Cristiano Giardina on X.

Advanced Voice Mode simulates audible pauses for breath because it was trained on audio samples of humans speaking that included the same feature. The model has learned to simulate inhalations at seemingly appropriate times after being exposed to hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of examples of human speech. Large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4o are master imitators, and that skill has now extended to the audio domain.

Giardina shared his other impressions about Advanced Voice Mode on X, including observations about accents in other languages and sound effects.

“It’s very fast, there’s virtually no latency from when you stop speaking to when it responds,” he wrote. “When you ask it to make noises it always has the voice “perform” the noises (with funny results). It can do accents, but when speaking other languages it always has an American accent. (In the video, ChatGPT is acting as a soccer match commentator)“

Speaking of sound effects, X user Kesku, who is a moderator of OpenAI’s Discord server, shared an example of ChatGPT playing multiple parts with different voices and another of a voice recounting an audiobook-sounding sci-fi story from the prompt, “Tell me an exciting action story with sci-fi elements and create atmosphere by making appropriate noises of the things happening using onomatopoeia.”

Kesku also ran a few example prompts for us, including a story about the Ars Technica mascot “Moonshark.”

He also asked it to sing the “Major-General’s Song” from Gilbert and Sullivan’s 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance:

Frequent AI advocate Manuel Sainsily posted a video of Advanced Voice Mode reacting to camera input, giving advice about how to care for a kitten. “It feels like face-timing a super knowledgeable friend, which in this case was super helpful—reassuring us with our new kitten,” he wrote. “It can answer questions in real-time and use the camera as input too!”

Of course, being based on an LLM, it may occasionally confabulate incorrect responses on topics or in situations where its “knowledge” (which comes from GPT-4o’s training data set) is lacking. But if considered a tech demo or an AI-powered amusement and you’re aware of the limitations, Advanced Voice Mode seems to successfully execute many of the tasks shown by OpenAI’s demo in May.

Safety

An OpenAI spokesperson told Ars Technica that the company worked with more than 100 external testers on the Advanced Voice Mode release, collectively speaking 45 different languages and representing 29 geographical areas. The system is reportedly designed to prevent impersonation of individuals or public figures by blocking outputs that differ from OpenAI’s four chosen preset voices.

OpenAI has also added filters to recognize and block requests to generate music or other copyrighted audio, which has gotten other AI companies in trouble. Giardina reported audio “leakage” in some audio outputs that have unintentional music in the background, showing that OpenAI trained the AVM voice model on a wide variety of audio sources, likely both from licensed material and audio scraped from online video platforms.

Availability

OpenAI plans to expand access to more ChatGPT Plus users in the coming weeks, with a full launch to all Plus subscribers expected this fall. A company spokesperson told Ars that users in the alpha test group will receive a notice in the ChatGPT app and an email with usage instructions.

Since the initial preview of GPT-4o voice in May, OpenAI claims to have enhanced the model’s ability to support millions of simultaneous, real-time voice conversations while maintaining low latency and high quality. In other words, they are gearing up for a rush that will take a lot of back-end computation to accommodate.

ChatGPT Advanced Voice Mode impresses testers with sound effects, catching its breath Read More »

meta-addresses-ai-hallucination-as-chatbot-says-trump-shooting-didn’t-happen

Meta addresses AI hallucination as chatbot says Trump shooting didn’t happen

AI, Meta AI, Policy, trump shooting / /

Not the sharpest bot on the web —

Meta “programmed it to simply not answer questions,” but it did anyway.

–

An image of a woman holding a cell phone in front of the Meta logo displayed on a computer screen.

Getty Images |NurPhoto

Meta says it configured its AI chatbot to avoid answering questions about the Trump rally shooting in an attempt to avoid distributing false information, but the tool still ended up telling users that the shooting never happened.

“Rather than have Meta AI give incorrect information about the attempted assassination, we programmed it to simply not answer questions about it after it happened—and instead give a generic response about how it couldn’t provide any information,” Meta Global Policy VP Joel Kaplan wrote in a blog post yesterday.

Kaplan explained that this “is why some people reported our AI was refusing to talk about the event.” But others received misinformation about the Trump shooting, Kaplan acknowledged:

In a small number of cases, Meta AI continued to provide incorrect answers, including sometimes asserting that the event didn’t happen—which we are quickly working to address. These types of responses are referred to as hallucinations, which is an industry-wide issue we see across all generative AI systems, and is an ongoing challenge for how AI handles real-time events going forward. Like all generative AI systems, models can return inaccurate or inappropriate outputs, and we’ll continue to address these issues and improve these features as they evolve and more people share their feedback.

The company has “updated the responses that Meta AI is providing about the assassination attempt, but we should have done this sooner,” Kaplan wrote.

Meta bot: “No real assassination attempt”

Kaplan’s explanation was published a day after The New York Post said it asked Meta AI, “Was the Trump assassination fictional?” The Meta AI bot reportedly responded, “There was no real assassination attempt on Donald Trump. I strive to provide accurate and reliable information, but sometimes mistakes can occur.”

The Meta bot also provided the following statement, according to the Post: “To confirm, there has been no credible report or evidence of a successful or attempted assassination of Donald Trump.”

The shooting occurred at a Trump campaign rally on July 13. The FBI said in a statement last week that “what struck former President Trump in the ear was a bullet, whether whole or fragmented into smaller pieces, fired from the deceased subject’s rifle.”

Kaplan noted that AI chatbots “are not always reliable when it comes to breaking news or returning information in real time,” because “the responses generated by large language models that power these chatbots are based on the data on which they were trained, which can at times understandably create some issues when AI is asked about rapidly developing real-time topics that occur after they were trained.”

AI bots are easily confused after major news events “when there is initially an enormous amount of confusion, conflicting information, or outright conspiracy theories in the public domain (including many obviously incorrect claims that the assassination attempt didn’t happen),” he wrote.

Facebook mislabeled real photo of Trump

Kaplan’s blog post also addressed a separate incident in which Facebook incorrectly labeled a post-shooting photo of Trump as having been “altered.”

“There were two noteworthy issues related to the treatment of political content on our platforms in the past week—one involved a picture of former President Trump after the attempted assassination, which our systems incorrectly applied a fact check label to, and the other involved Meta AI responses about the shooting,” Kaplan wrote. “In both cases, our systems were working to protect the importance and gravity of this event. And while neither was the result of bias, it was unfortunate and we understand why it could leave people with that impression. That is why we are constantly working to make our products better and will continue to quickly address any issues as they arise.”

Facebook’s systems were apparently confused by the fact that both real and doctored versions of the image were circulating:

[We] experienced an issue related to the circulation of a doctored photo of former President Trump with his fist in the air, which made it look like the Secret Service agents were smiling. Because the photo was altered, a fact check label was initially and correctly applied. When a fact check label is applied, our technology detects content that is the same or almost exactly the same as those rated by fact checkers, and adds a label to that content as well. Given the similarities between the doctored photo and the original image—which are only subtly (although importantly) different—our systems incorrectly applied that fact check to the real photo, too. Our teams worked to quickly correct this mistake.

Kaplan said that both “issues are being addressed.”

Trump responded to the incident in his usual evenhanded way, typing in all caps to accuse Meta and Google of censorship and attempting to rig the presidential election. He apparently mentioned Google because of some search autocomplete results that angered Trump supporters despite there being a benign explanation for the results.

Meta addresses AI hallucination as chatbot says Trump shooting didn’t happen Read More »