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discworld,-daleks,-and-deep-13:-a-geeky-holiday-tv-and-movie-watchlist

Discworld, Daleks, and Deep 13: A geeky holiday TV and movie watchlist


There’s obviously more to Christmas flicks than Netflix romcoms.

I promise that most of this list is better than the Star Wars Holiday Special. Credit: Disney

‘Tis the season for all kinds of festive titles to start appearing in our to-watch queues. For folks who celebrate Christmas in any form, there are a million different movies and TV specials vying for your attention. There are the beloved favorites that we’ll make the time to revisit year after year, plus the seemingly endless number of new titles arriving on the various streaming services this season.

But in all honesty, most of these movies are made for and by the mainstream. So if you don’t want a broad family slapstick or yet another big city girl going back to her small town to learn the meaning of Christmas, here are a few options to bring some geekiness to your screen. Make the season nerdy and bright!

Let’s get it out of the way immediately: Star Wars Holiday Special

It’s almost too bizarre to be believed, but yes, this was a thing that existed, and it lives on in legend. The cast of Star Wars returned for this TV special, where the gang goes to the Wookie planet Kashyyyk to celebrate Life Day. They’re joined by some surprising guests. Golden Girls icon Bea Arthur is in it alongside The Honeymooners’ Art Carney, acclaimed multi-disciplinary performer Diahann Carroll, and the band Jefferson Starship.

Let’s not mince words. The holiday special is bad. But it’s bad in a strangely riveting way that’s kind of hard not to enjoy. And at least it falls chronologically before The Empire Strikes Back, so you can immediately cleanse your viewing palate with one of the series’ best after one of its lowest moments. And the ice planet of Hoth practically makes Empire a Christmas movie of its own, so commit to the double feature for a full night of sci-fi.

Babylon 5‘s surprising “Fall of Night”

For most TV shows, a holiday episode is an outlier that exists separately from the main story arcs. Not so for Babylon 5. “Fall of Night” closes the show’s second season, and it manages to tie together many of the loose ends in a satisfying conclusion while also blending in many of the themes you’d expect from a Christmas episode.

It’s a bit unusual, but it’s definitely a Christmas episode. Credit: Warner Bros Discovery

There’s angelic intervention and gift-giving between Sheridan and Ivanova alongside the heavier topics of interstellar politics. The references to World War II aren’t terribly subtle, but the desperate yearning for peace in the galaxy also makes this a solid choice for science fiction fans to queue up this season.

Doctor Who, many times over

The Time Lords have gifted viewers with more than a dozen festive episodes over the many iterations of Doctor Who. Fans of the old-school series only have one true Christmas episode from the original 1960s run to check out: “The Feast of Steven.” In the modern era, though, the holidays are often when a Doctor passes the mantle to the next in line, so there are plenty of chances to cap off the starring actor’s work in fine style.

Current viewers may most closely connect the Christmas specials to the David Tennant era thanks to episodes like “The Christmas Invasion,” “The Runaway Bride,” and the epic two-parter “The End of Time.” Matt Smith also takes a turn in several strong holiday outings, particularly “The Time of the Doctor.”

The Doctor walks through a Christmas scene

Just one of several Doctor Who Christmas episodes. Credit: BBC

This is one of the few television series to treat New Year’s Eve as a winter holiday worthy of its own showpieces, particularly in the past few years. Jodie Whittaker got the NYE treatment with a trio of Dalek-centric stories, most notably with the very funny “Eve of the Daleks” episode.

Hogfather, for a Terry Pratchett Christmas

The wildly funny fantasy author Terry Pratchett is beloved by many readers for his sprawling Discworld novels. A few directors have made the leap from page to screen with Pratchett’s stories, and Hogfather is one of the best adaptations. That could be partly because Death and Susan are two of the best characters in the whole Discworld universe, and they figure prominently in this Christmas tale. They’re also perfectly cast: Susan is played by Michelle Dockery before her rise to Downton Abbey fame, and Death is voiced by stage and screen actor Ian Richardson.

Terry Pratchett. That’s all you likely need to know. Credit: Sky One

In this Discworld take on Christmas, a shadowy group called The Auditors orders the kidnapping of the Hogfather (who bears no small resemblance to Santa Claus). To avert a holiday catastrophe, Death himself takes over the role of delivering presents on Hogswatchnight. This two-part TV movie captures all the irreverent humor that has won Pratchett so many fans over the years, and it’s a must-watch for anyone who adores that peculiar world atop the Great A’Tuin and its quartet of elephants.

Gremlins, the dark horse cult classic option

Gremlins is a cult classic for a reason and one of the more enduring movies for those who aren’t looking for everything to be bright, cheery fun during the holidays.

A gremlin with a Christmas hat

Fun fact: This film managed to scandalize so much that it partially led to the creation of the PG-13 rating. Credit: Disney

You can read it as a send-up of Christmas consumerism, a wacky horror-comedy flick, an impressive showcase of movie puppetry, or all three at once. Plus, it’s just so very, very ’80s. I doubt I have to say much more to sell you on it, because I’d guess most Ars readers already watch it on the regular.

Mystery Science Theater 3000, naturally

Whether it’s in the Satellite of Love or the Gizmoplex, the hilarious brains behind Mystery Science Theater 3000 can spoof any and all terrible movies, including the festive ones. I often enjoy some MST3K as a kickoff to the holiday season with the group’s Thanksgiving shows, but there’s also plenty of bad movie fun to be had in December.

There are a few standouts for true Christmas movie episodes. Experiment 321 sees Joel and bots watching Santa Claus Conquers the Martians, a truly terrible flick from the 1960s in which a Martian leader captures old Saint Nick to try and make the children on the red planet happier. For Mike fans, check out experiment 521, where the film is Santa Claus and even the host skits have a festive theme. Finally, from the Netflix era, Jonah and the bots suffer through The Christmas That Almost Wasn’t in experiment 1113. All three are excellent episodes despite the movies being the cinematic equivalent of a lump of coal in your stocking.

Joel and the bots by a Christmas tree

Joel doesn’t exactly exude holiday cheer, but that’s kind of the joke. Credit: Satellite of Love

But that’s just the tip of the iceberg. Some of the other experiments have movies set at Christmastime or sneak in occasional festive jokes from the cast. And if that’s still not enough to satisfy, there’s also nearly endless fodder you can find digging through the RiffTrax library—they even spoofed the Star Wars Holiday Special.

The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (with some Turkish delight)

Many directors have created their own spin on this C.S. Lewis story over the decades, and any of them make for a quality addition to your holiday lineup. It works for any attitude toward holiday time. If you prefer to be agnostic about it, just soak up the winter vibes created by the White Witch and maybe treat yourself to some Turkish delight while you watch. If you’re all about the presents, be sure to watch one of the versions that adheres to the books by having Father Christmas make an appearance. And if you want to honor the religious history, then enjoy the lion Aslan as a non-too-subtle analog for Jesus.

A character from Narnia

The classic BBC series probably won’t work for younger audiences today, but you had to be there, and some of us were indeed there. Credit: BBC

I’m partial to the 1988 BBC adaptation because it was the first one I saw, but the 2005 Disney film is pretty decent as well. Or, if you’ve already seen all of the Doctor Who specials enough times to quote them verbatim, make your viewing choice based on the acting crossovers, because something about Aslan seems to draw performers with ties to that show. In the animated 1979 version, Whovian actor Stephen Thorne voiced the lion, while Ronald Pickup played him in the 1988 adaptation and its sequels.

8-Bit Christmas, A Christmas Story for the ’80s

Remaking a classic is a bold endeavor. We’ve seen many an effort fall flat, especially when the source material is a near-perfect comedy like A Christmas Story. But against the odds, 8-Bit Christmas pulls off the high-wire act with charm and warmth. This version reframes the dream of the unattainable Christmas present by leaping forward a few decades. Rather than Ralphie’s quest for the Red Ryder rifle, Jake wants the latest and greatest in gaming: a Nintendo Entertainment System.

Now, if you were a gamer in your youth, there are some scenes here that will speak to your soul. There’s an early moment where Jake and the other kids on his suburban block are hanging out in the basement of one lucky boy who has an NES of his own. They’re gathered shoulder to shoulder around the tube TV, arguing over who should get the controller next. Every detail in this scene, from the sweaters and the set dressing to the look of rapture as the kids experience the power of a new console for the first time is just perfection.

A kid celebrates playing Nintendo

The film is at least a great concept, and it delivers pretty well on it. Credit: HBO Max

There are also other cute ’80s nods; for instance, while Jake is lusting after an NES, his sister wants a Cabbage Patch doll with the same single-minded desire. Those of us who grew up in the ’80s know that feeling well. Heck, those of us who were huddled over our browsers refreshing in a panic hoping to snag the Switch 2 just earlier this year know that feeling. This geeky tale was a pleasant surprise to find among the modern-day Christmas movie productions.

The otaku choice: Tokyo Godfathers

The otaku nerds surely already know this one well, but I would be remiss not to include this anime masterwork. It’s a poignant addition to anyone’s Christmas viewing list, geek or otherwise. The film is by legendary manga artist and anime director Satoshi Kon, and it received a new English dub a few years ago that’s particularly recommended.

The film is dripping with atmosphere and creative ideas. Credit: Sony

As with so many of the best movies, it’s probably best to go in without knowing too much. The first key point is: It’s a story of three people living on the streets of Tokyo on Christmas Eve. And the second is: while the phrase is trite, Tokyo Godfathers genuinely can and will make you laugh and make you cry.

In Daria, “Depth Takes a Holiday”

In the ’90s, Daria Morgendorffer was the queen of the teenage outcasts, even though she would have hated having that title. The irreverent animated series from MTV holds up impressively well under modern scrutiny. (Although yes, in most available ways to rewatch it, the licensed music is gone. Just cue up the most important tracks you remember when you watch.)

For such an offbeat program, it’s surprising that Daria did, in fact, include a festive episode called “Depth Takes a Holiday.” In this break from the show’s usual reality, several holidays in human form appear in the Lawndale suburb, causing chaos and playing some rock music. Daria eventually agrees to help restore the natural order of things and get these holidays back to their home on Holiday Island, which is just as cliquey and pointless as Lawndale High.

Daria meets surreal mythical characters

It’s a controversial episode, but it has its merits. Credit: Paramount

“Depth Takes a Holiday” is pretty dang weird, and it’s a love-it or hate-it point in the third season. But I say it’s all the more reason to spend December revisiting some of my favorite Daria episodes alongside this. For those in the hate-it camp, you’ll enjoy the other episodes even more in contrast. And if you’re in the love-it audience, mark your calendar to also watch it on Guy Fawkes Day.

Honorable mention: A Christmas Carol audiobook

I realize that an audiobook is not viewing, but any Star Trek fan worth their replicator-made salt should have this title in their Christmas rotation. Patrick Stewart did take a turn in a Hollywood production of this classic tale in 1999, and that’s a plenty good adaptation.

But why settle for one of the great thespians and geek icons playing just a single role? Stewart also narrated an audiobook version of A Christmas Carol, and it is simply stellar. He gets to provide incredible voices for each character, plus he gets really into all the eerier parts of Charles Dickens’ holiday ghost story. Queue this up in your headphones on a snowy winter’s night, close your eyes, and you can really imagine that Captain Picard is personally reading you a bedtime story.

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blast-from-the-past:-15-movie-gems-of-1985

Blast from the past: 15 movie gems of 1985


Beyond the blockbusters: This watch list has something for everyone over the long holiday weekend.

Peruse a list of films released in 1985 and you’ll notice a surprisingly high number of movies that have become classics in the ensuing 40 years. Sure, there were blockbusters like Back to the Future, The Goonies, Pale Rider, The Breakfast Club and Mad Max: Beyond Thunderdome, but there were also critical arthouse favorites like Kiss of the Spider Woman and Akira Kurosawa’s masterpiece, Ran. Since we’re going into a long Thanksgiving weekend, I’ve made a list, in alphabetical order, of some of the quirkier gems from 1985 that have stood the test of time. (Some of the films first premiered at film festivals or in smaller international markets in 1984, but they were released in the US in 1985.)

(Some spoilers below but no major reveals.)

After Hours

young nerdy man in black shirt and casual tan jacket looking anxious

Credit: Warner Bros.

Have you ever had a dream, bordering on a nightmare, where you were trying desperately to get back home but obstacle after obstacle kept getting in your way? Martin Scorsese’s After Hours is the cinematic embodiment of that anxiety-inducing dreamscape. Griffin Dunne stars as a nebbishy computer data entry worker named Paul, who meets a young woman named Marcy (Rosanna Arquette) and heads off to SoHo after work to meet her. The trouble begins when his $20 cab fare blows out the window en route. The date goes badly, and Paul leaves, enduring a string of increasingly strange encounters as he tries to get back to his uptown stomping grounds.

After Hours is an unlikely mix of screwball comedy and film noir, and it’s to Scorsese’s great credit that the film strikes the right tonal balance, given that it goes to some pretty bizarre and occasionally dark places. The film only grossed about $10 million at the box office but received critical praise, and it’s continued to win new fans ever since, even inspiring an episode of Ted Lasso. It might not rank among Scorsese’s masterworks, but it’s certainly among the director’s most original efforts.

Blood Simple

man in tan suit crawling on the pavement at night in front of truck with headlights glaring. Feet of a man holding an axe is off to the right.

Credit: Circle Films

Joel and Ethan Coen are justly considered among today’s foremost filmmakers; they’ve made some of my favorite films of all time. And it all started with Blood Simple, the duo’s directorial debut, a neo-noir crime thriller set in small-town Texas. Housewife Abby (Frances McDormand) is having an affair with a bartender named Ray (John Getz). Her abusive husband, Julian (Dan Hedaya), has hired a private investigator named Visser (M. Emmet Walsh) and finds out about the affair. He then asks Visser to kill the couple for $10,000. Alas, things do not go as planned as everyone tries to outsmart everyone else, with disastrous consequences.

Blood Simple has all the elements that would become trademarks of the Coen brothers’ distinctive style: it’s both brutally violent and acerbically funny, with low-key gallows humor, not to mention inventive camerawork and lighting. The Coens accomplished a lot with their $1.5 million production budget. And you can’t beat that cast. (It was McDormand’s first feature role; she would go on to win her first Oscar for her performance in 1996’s Fargo.) The menacing shot of Ray dragging a shovel across the pavement toward a badly wounded Julian crawling on the road, illuminated by a car’s headlights, is one for the ages.

Brazil

anxious man being restrained with his head in a weird futuristic helmet

Credit: Universal Pictures

Terry Gilliam’s Oscar-nominated, Orwellian sci-fi tragicomedy, Brazil, is part of what the director has called his “Trilogy of Imagination,” along with 1981’s Time Bandits and 1988’s The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. Jonathan Pryce stars as a low-ranking bureaucrat named Sam Lowry who combats the soul-crushing reality of his bleak existence with elaborate daydreams in which he is a winged warrior saving a beautiful damsel in distress. One day, a bureaucratic error confuses Sam with a wanted terrorist named Archibald Tuttle (Robert De Niro), setting off a darkly comic series of misadventures as Sam tries to prove his true identity (and innocence). That’s when he meets Jill (Kim Greist), a dead ringer for his dream woman.

Along with 12 Monkeys and Monty Python and the Holy Grail, Brazil represents Gilliam at his best, yet it was almost not released in the US because Gilliam refused the studio’s request to give the film a happy ending. Each side actually ran ads in Hollywood trades presenting their respective arguments, and Gilliam ultimately prevailed. The film has since become a critical favorite and an essential must-watch for Gilliam fans. Special shoutout to Katherine Helmond’s inspired supporting performance as Sam’s mother Ida and her addiction to bad plastic surgery (“It’s just a little complication….”).

Clue

a group of people in dinner party fancy dress staring at the door.

Credit: Paramount Pictures

Benoit Blanc may hate the game Clue, but it’s delighted people of all ages for generations. And so has the deliciously farcical film adaptation featuring an all-star cast. Writer/director Jonathan Lynn (My Cousin Vinny) does a great job fleshing out the game’s premise and characters. A group of people is invited to an isolated mansion for a dinner with “Mr. Boddy” (Lee Ving) and are greeted by the butler, Wadsworth (Tim Curry). There is Mrs. Peacock (Eileen Brennan), Mrs. White (Madeline Kahn), Professor Plum (Christopher Lloyd), Mr. Green (Michael McKean), Colonel Mustard (Martin Mull), and Miss Scarlet (Lesley Ann Warren).

After dinner, Mr. Boddy reveals that he is the one who has been blackmailing them all, and when the lights suddenly go out, he is murdered. As everyone frantically tries to figure out whodunnit, more bodies begin to pile up, culminating in three different endings. (A different ending was shown in each theater but now all three are included.) The script is packed with bad puns and slapstick scenarios,  delivered with impeccable comic timing by the gifted cast. And who could forget Kahn’s famous ad-libbed line: “Flames… on the side of my face“? Like several films on this list, Clue got mixed reviews and bombed at the box office, but found its audience in subsequent decades. It’s now another cult classic that holds up even after multiple rewatchings.

The Company of Wolves

beautiful young dark-haired girl in a red hooded cape talking to a darkly handsome young man with a rakish look about him

Credit: ITC Entertainment

Director Neil Jordan’s sumptuous Gothic fantasy horror is a haunting twist on “Little Red Riding Hood” adapted from a short story by Angela Carter in her anthology of fairy-tale reinventions, The Bloody Chamber. The central narrative concerns a young girl named Rosaleen (Sarah Patterson) who sports a knitted red cape and encounters a rakish huntsman/werewolf (Micha Bergese) in the woods en route to her grandmother’s (Angela Lansbury) house. There are also several embedded wolf-centric fairy tales, two told by Rosaleen and two told by the grandmother.

Jordan has described this structure as “a story with very different movements,” all variations on the central theme and “building to the fairy tale that everybody knows.” The production design and gorgeously sensual cinematography—all achieved on a limited $2 million budget—further enhance the dreamlike atmosphere.  The Company of Wolves, like the fairy tale that inspired it, is an unapologetically Freudian metaphor for Rosaleen’s romantic and sexual awakening, in which she discovers her own power, which both frightens and fascinates her. It’s rare to find such a richly layered film rife with symbolism and brooding imagery.

Desperately Seeking Susan

two young women, similar in appearance, dressed in 1980s New Wave outfits and striking a sultry pose for the camera

Credit: Orion Pictures

In this quintessential 1980s screwball comedy about mistaken identity, Roberta (Rosanna Arquette) is a dissatisfied upper-class New Jersey housewife fascinated by the local tabloid personal ads, especially messages between two free-spirited bohemian lovers, Susan (Madonna) and Jim (Robert Joy). She follows Susan one day and is conked on the head when a mob enforcer mistakes her for Susan, who had stolen a pair of valuable earrings from another paramour, who had stolen them from a mobster in turn. Roberta comes to with amnesia and, believing herself to be Susan, is befriended by Jim’s best friend, Dez (Aidan Quinn).

Desperately Seeking Susan is director Susan Seidelman’s love letter to the (admittedly sanitized) 1980s counterculture of Manhattan’s Lower East Side, peppered with cameo appearances by performance artists, musicians, comedians, actors, painters, and so forth of that time period. The script is rife with witty one-liners and a stellar supporting cast, including John Turturro as the owner of a seedy Magic Club, Laurie Metcalf as Roberta’s sister-in-law Leslie, and a deadpan Steven Wright as Leslie’s dentist love interest. It’s breezy, infectious, frothy fun, and easily Madonna’s best acting role, perhaps because she is largely playing herself.

Dreamchild

Young dark-haired girl with a bob in a white dress sitting down for tea with a a giant March Hare and the Mad Hatter

Credit: Thorn EMI

Dennis Potter (The Singing Detective) co-wrote the screenplay for this beautifully shot film about Alice Liddell, the 11-year-old girl who inspired Alice in Wonderland. Coral Browne plays the elderly widowed Alice, who travels by ship to the US to receive an honorary degree in celebration of Lewis Carroll’s birthday—a historical event. From there, things become entirely fictional, as Alice must navigate tabloid journalists, a bewildering modern world, and various commercial endorsement offers that emerge because of Alice’s newfound celebrity.

All the while, Alice struggles to process resurfaced memories—told via flashbacks and several fantasy sequences featuring puppet denizens of Wonderland—about her complicated childhood friendship with “Mr. Dodgson” (Ian Holm) and the conflicting emotions that emerge. (Amelia Shankley plays Alice as a child.) Also, romance blooms between Alice’s companion, an orphan named Lucy (Nicola Cowper), and Alice’s new US agent, Jack Dolan (Peter Gallagher).

Directed by Gavin Millar, Dreamchild taps into the ongoing controversy about Carroll’s fascination, as a pioneer of early photography, with photographing little girls in the nude (a fairly common practice in Victorian times). There is no evidence he photographed Alice Liddell in this way, however, and Potter himself told The New York Times in 1985 that he didn’t believe there was ever any improper behavior. Repressed romantic longing is what is depicted in Dreamchild, and it’s to Millar’s credit, as well as Holm’s and Browne’s nuanced performances, that the resulting film is heartbreakingly bittersweet rather than squicky.

Fandango

a group of young men in casual garb standing in a row in front of a car against a classic Americana small town background

Credit: Warner Bros.

Director Kevin Reynolds’ Fandango started out as a student film satirizing fraternity life at a Texas university. Steven Spielberg thought the effort was promising enough to fund a full-length feature. Set in 1971, the plot (such that it is) centers on five college seniors—the Groovers—who embark on a road trip to celebrate graduation. Their misadventures include running out of gas, an ill-advised parachuting lesson, and camping on the abandoned set of Giant, but it’s really about the group coming to terms with the harsh realities of adulthood that await, particularly since they’ve all been called up for the Vietnam draft.

Spielberg purportedly was unhappy with the final film, but it won over other fans (like Quentin Tarantino) and became a sleeper hit, particularly after its home video release. The humor is dry and quirky, and Reynolds has a knack for sight gags and the cadences of local dialect. Sure, the plot meanders in a rather quixotic fashion, but that’s part of the charm. And the young cast is relentlessly likable. Fandango featured Kevin Costner in his first starring role, and Reynolds went on to make several more films with Costner (Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Rapa Nui, Waterworld), with mixed success. But Fandango is arguably his most enduring work.

Ladyhawke

Handsome man in period dress standing close to a beautiful woman with short blonde hair, as they both look apprehensively into the distance.

Credit: Warner Bros.

Rutger Hauer and Michelle Pfeiffer star in director Richard Donner’s medieval fantasy film, playing a warrior named Navarre and his true love Isabeau who are cursed to be “always together, yet eternally apart.” She is a hawk by day, while he is a wolf by night, and the two cannot meet in their human forms, due to the jealous machinations of the evil Bishop of Aquila (John Wood), once spurned by Isabeau. Enter a young thief named Philippe Gaston (Matthew Broderick), who decides to help the couple lift the curse and exact justice on the bishop and his henchmen.

Ladyhawke only grossed $18.4 million at the box office, just shy of breaking even against its $20 million budget, and contemporary critical reviews were very much mixed, although the film got two Oscar nods for best sound and sound effects editing. Sure, the dialogue is occasionally clunky, and Broderick’s wisecracking role is a bit anachronistic (shades of A Knight’s Tale). But the visuals are stunning, and the central fairy tale—fueled by Hauer’s and Pfeiffer’s performances—succeeds in capturing the imagination and holds up very well as a rewatch.

Pee-Wee’s Big Adventure

goofy man in tight fitting gray suit balancing sideways on a bicycle with a silly grin on his face

Credit: Warner Bros.

Paul Reubens originally created the Pee-Wee Herman persona for the Groundlings sketch comedy theater in Los Angeles, and his performances eventually snagged him an HBO special in 1981. That, in turn, led to Pee-Wee’s Big Adventure, directed by Tim Burton (who makes a cameo as a street thug), in which the character goes on a madcap quest to find his stolen bicycle. The quest takes Pee-Wee to a phony psychic, a tacky roadside diner, the Alamo Museum in San Antonio, Texas, a rodeo, and a biker bar, where he dances in platform shoes to “Tequila.” But really, it’s all about the friends he makes along the way, like the ghostly trucker Large Marge (Alice Nunn).

Some have described the film as a parodic homage to the classic Italian film, Bicycle Thieves, but tonally, Reubens wanted something more akin to the naive innocence of Pollyanna (1960). He chose Burton to direct after seeing the latter’s 1984 featurette, Frankenweenie, because he liked Burton’s visual sensibility. Pee-Wee’s Big Adventure is basically a surreal live-action cartoon, and while contemporary critics were divided—it’s true that a little Pee-Wee goes a long way and the over-the-top silliness is not to everyone’s taste—the film’s reputation and devoted fandom have grown over the decades.

A Private Function

a woman in a green dress and tight bun looking at a nervous man in white shirt and suspenders as he looks over his shoulder.

Credit: HandMade Films

A Private Function is an homage of sorts to the British post-war black comedies produced by Ealing Studios between 1947 and 1957, including such timeless classics as Kind Hearts and Coronets, The Lavender Hill Mob, and The Ladykillers. It’s set in a small Yorkshire town in 1947, as  residents struggle to make ends meet amid strict government rations. With the pending royal wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip, the wealthier townsfolk decide to raise a pig (illegally) to celebrate with a feast.

Those plans are put in jeopardy when local chiropodist Gilbert Chivers (Michael Palin) and his perennially discontented wife Joyce (Maggie Smith) steal the pig. Neither Gilbert nor Joyce knows the first thing about butchering said pig (named Betty), but she assures her husband that “Pork is power!” And of course, everyone must evade the local food inspector (Bill Paterson), intent on enforcing the rationing regulations. The cast is a veritable who’s who of British character actors, all of whom handle the absurd situations and often scatalogical humor with understated aplomb.

Prizzi’s Honor

woman and man dressed all in black, dragging a body by the legs.

Credit: 20th Century Fox

The great John Huston directed this darkly cynical black comedy. Charley Partanna (Jack Nicholson) is a Mafia hitman for the Prizzi family in New York City who falls for a beautiful Polish woman named Irene (Kathleen Turner) at a wedding. Their whirlwind romance hits a snag when Charley’s latest hit turns out to be Irene’s estranged husband, who stole money from the Prizzis. That puts Charlie in a dilemma. Does he ice her? Does he marry her? When he finds out Irene is a contract killer who also does work for the mob, it looks like a match made in heaven. But their troubles are just beginning.

Turner and Nicholson have great on-screen chemistry and play it straight in outrageous circumstances, including the comic love scenes.  The rest of the cast is equally game, especially William Hickey as the aged Don Corrado Prizzi, equal parts ruthlessly calculating and affectionately paternal. “Here… have a cookie,” he offers his distraught granddaughter (and Charley’s former fiancée), Maerose (Anjelica Huston). Huston won a supporting actress Oscar for her performance, which probably made up for the fact that she was paid at scale and dismissed by producers as having “no talent,” despite—or perhaps because of—being the director’s daughter and Nicholson’s then-girlfriend. Prizzi’s Honor was nominated for eight Oscars all told, and it deserves every one of them.

The Purple Rose of Cairo

woman and a man in Depression-era garb gazing at each other in a loose embrace

Credit: Orion Pictures

Woody Allen has made so many films that everyone’s list of favorites is bound to differ. My personal all-time favorite is a quirky, absurdist bit of metafiction called The Purple Rose of Cairo. Mia Farrow stars as Cecelia, a New Jersey waitress during the Great Depression who is married to an abusive husband (Danny Aiello). She finds escape from her bleak existence at the local cinema, watching a film (also called The Purple Rose of Cairo) over and over again. One day, the male lead, archaeologist Tom Baxter (Jeff Daniels), breaks character to address Cecelia directly. He then steps out of the film and the two embark on a whirlwind romance. (“I just met a wonderful man. He’s fictional, but you can’t have everything.”)

Meanwhile, the remaining on-screen characters (who are also sentient) refuse to perform the rest of the film until Tom returns, insulting audience members to pass the time. Then the actor who plays Tom, Gil Shepherd (also Daniels), shows up to try to convince Cecilia to choose reality over her fantasy dream man come to life. Daniels is wonderful in the dual role, contrasting the cheerfully naive Tom against the jaded, calculating Gil.  This clever film is by turns wickedly funny, poignant, and ultimately bittersweet, and deserves a place among Allen’s greatest works.

Real Genius

Credit: TriStar Pictures

How could I omit this perennial favorite? Its inclusion is a moral imperative. Fifteen-year-old Mitch Taylor (Gabriel Jarret) is a science genius and social outcast at his high school who is over the moon when Professor Jerry Hathaway (William Atherton), a star researcher at the fictional Pacific Technical University, handpicks Mitch to work in his own lab on a laser project. But unbeknownst to Mitch, Hathaway is in league with a covert CIA program to develop a space-based laser weapon for political assassinations. They need a 5-megawatt laser and are relying on Mitch and fellow genius/graduating senior Chris Knight (Val Kilmer) to deliver.

The film only grossed $12.9 million domestically against its $8 million budget. Reviews were mostly positive, however, and over time, it became a sleeper hit. Sure, the plot is predictable, the characters are pretty basic, and the sexually frustrated virgin nerds ogling hot cosmetology students in bikinis during the pool party reflects hopelessly outdated stereotypes on several fronts. But the film still offers smartly silly escapist fare, with a side of solid science for those who care about such things. Real Genius remains one of the most charming, winsome depictions of super-smart science whizzes idealistically hoping to change the world for the better with their work.

Witness

little Amish boy peeking through a crack in the door

Credit: Paramount

Witness stars Harrison Ford as John Book, a Philadelphia detective, who befriends a young Amish boy named Samuel (Lukas Haas) and his widowed mother Rachel (Kelly McGillis) after Samuel inadvertently witnesses the murder of an undercover cop in the Philadelphia train station. When Samuel identifies one of the killers as a police lieutenant (Danny Glover), Book must go into hiding with Rachel’s Amish family to keep Samuel safe until he can find a way to prove the murder was an inside job. And he must fight his growing attraction to Rachel to boot.

This was director Peter Weir’s first American film, but it shares the theme of clashing cultures that dominated Weir’s earlier work. The lighting and scene composition were inspired by Vermeer’s paintings and enhanced the film’s quietly restrained tone, making the occasional bursts of violence all the more impactful. The film has been praised for its depiction of the Amish community, although the extras were mostly Mennonites because the local Amish did not wish to appear on film. (The Amish did work on set as carpenters and electricians, however.) Witness turned into a surprise sleeper hit for Paramount. All the performances are excellent, including Ford and McGillis as the star-crossed lovers from different worlds, but it’s the young Haas who steals every scene with his earnest innocence.

Photo of Jennifer Ouellette

Jennifer is a senior writer at Ars Technica with a particular focus on where science meets culture, covering everything from physics and related interdisciplinary topics to her favorite films and TV series. Jennifer lives in Baltimore with her spouse, physicist Sean M. Carroll, and their two cats, Ariel and Caliban.

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halloween-film-fest:-15-classic-ghost-stories

Halloween film fest: 15 classic ghost stories


From The Uninvited to Crimson Peak, these films will help you set the tone for spooky season.

It’s spooky season, and what better way to spend Halloween weekend than settling in to watch a classic Hollywood ghost story? To help you figure out what to watch, we’ve compiled a handy list of 15 classic ghost stories, presented in chronological order.

What makes a good ghost story? Everyone’s criteria (and taste) will differ, but for this list, we’ve focused on more traditional elements. There’s usually a spooky old house with a ghostly presence and/or someone who’s attuned to said presence. The living must solve the mystery of what happened to trap the ghost(s) there in hopes of setting said ghost(s) free. In that sense, the best, most satisfying ghost stories are mysteries—and sometimes also love stories. The horror is more psychological, and when it comes to gore, less is usually more.

As always, the list below isn’t meant to be exhaustive. Mostly, we’re going for a certain atmospheric vibe to set a mood. So our list omits overt comedies like Ghostbusters and (arguably) Ghost, as well as supernatural horror involving demonic possession—The Exorcist, The Conjuring, Insidious—or monsters, like The Babadook or Sinister. Feel free to suggest your own recommendations in the comments.

(Various spoilers below, but no major reveals.)

The Uninvited (1944)

B&W image of man and woman in 1940s evening wear holding a candle and looking up a flight of stairs

Credit: Paramount Pictures

Brother and sister Rick and Pamela Fitzgerald (Ray Milland and Ruth Hussey) fall in love with an abandoned seaside abode called Windward House while vacationing in England. They pool their resources and buy it for a very low price, since its owner, Commander Beech (Donald Crisp), is oddly desperate to unload it. This upsets his 20-year-old granddaughter, Stella (Gail Russell), whose mother fell to her death from the cliffs near the house when Stella was just a toddler.

Rick, a musician and composer, becomes infatuated with the beautiful young woman. And before long, strange phenomena begin manifesting: a woman sobbing, an odd chill in the artist’s studio, a flower wilting in mere seconds—plus, the Fitzgeralds’ dog and their housekeeper’s cat both refuse to go upstairs. Whatever haunts the house seems to be focused on Stella.

The Uninvited was director Lewis Allen’s first feature film—adapted from a 1941 novel by Dorothy Macardle—but it has aged well. Sure, there are some odd tonal shifts; the light-hearted sibling banter between Rick and Pamela, while enjoyable, does sometimes weaken the scare factor. But the central mystery is intriguing and the visuals are striking, snagging an Oscar nomination for cinematographer Charles Lang. Bonus points for the tune “Stella by Starlight,” written specifically for the film and later evolving into a beloved jazz standard, performed by such luminaries as Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, Charlie Parker, Chet Baker, and Miles Davis.

The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (1947)

young woman and middle aged man standing and talking

Credit: 20th Century Fox

This is one of those old Hollywood classics that has ably withstood the test of time. Gene Tierney stars as the titular Mrs. Lucy Muir, a young widow with a little girl who decides to leave London and take up residence in the seaside village of Whitecliff. She rents Gull Cottage despite the realtor’s reluctance to even show it to her. Lucy falls in love with the house and is intrigued by the portrait of its former owner: a rough sea captain named Daniel Gregg (Rex Harrison), who locals say died by suicide in the house. Gregg’s ghost still haunts Gull Cottage, but he tries in vain to scare away the tough-minded Lucy. The two become friends and start to fall in love—but can any romance between the living and the dead truly thrive?

The Ghost and Mrs. Muir earned cinematographer Charles Lang another well-deserved Oscar nomination. Tierney and Harrison have great on-screen chemistry, and the film manages to blend wry humor and pathos into what is essentially a haunting love story of two people finding each other at the wrong time. There’s no revenge plot, no spine-tingling moments of terror, no deep, dark secret—just two people, one living and one dead, coming to terms in their respective ways with loss and regret to find peace.

The Innocents (1961)

B&W still of young boy being tucked in by a young woman.

Credit: 20th Century Fox

Henry James’ 1898 novella The Turn of the Screw has inspired many adaptations over the years. Most recently, Mike Flanagan used the plot and central characters as the main narrative framework for his Netflix miniseries The Haunting of Bly Manor. But The Innocents is widely considered to be the best.

Miss Giddens (Deborah Kerr) has been hired for her first job as a governess to two orphaned children at Bly Manor, who sometimes exhibit odd behavior. The previous governess, Miss Jessel (Clytie Jessop), had died tragically the year before, along with her lover, Peter Quint (Peter Wyngarde). Miss Giddens becomes convinced that their ghosts have possessed the children so they can still be together in death. Miss Giddens resolves to free the children, with tragic consequences.

Literary scholars and critics have been debating The Turn of the Screw ever since it was first published because James was deliberately ambiguous about whether the governess saw actual ghosts or was simply going mad and imagining them. The initial screenwriter for The Innocents, William Archibald, assumed the ghosts were real. Director Jack Clayton preferred to be true to James’ original ambiguity, and the final script ended up somewhere in between, with some pretty strong Freudian overtones where our repressed governess is concerned.

This is a film you’ll want to watch with all the lights off. It’s dark—literally, thanks to Clayton’s emphasis on shadows and light to highlight Miss Giddens’ isolation. The first 45 seconds are just a black screen with a child’s voice humming a haunting tune. But it’s a beautifully crafted example of classic psychological horror that captures something of the chilly, reserved spirit of Henry James.

The Haunting (1963)

B&W still of group of people in 1960s clothing standing in drawing room of a haunted house

Credit: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

There have also been numerous adaptations of Shirley Jackson’s 1959 Gothic horror novel The Haunting of Hill House, including Mike Flanagan’s boldly reimagined miniseries for Netflix. But many people—Martin Scorsese and Steven Spielberg among them—consider director Robert Wise’s The Haunting to be not only the best adaptation but one of the best horror films of all time. (Please do not confuse the Wise version with the disappointing 1999 remake, which tried to make up for its shortcomings with lavish sets and showy special effects—to no avail.)

Psychologist Dr. John Markaway (Richard Johnson) brings three people to the titular Hill House, intent on exploring its legendary paranormal phenomena. There’s a psychic named Theodora (Claire Bloom); the emotionally vulnerable Eleanor (Julie Harris), who has experienced poltergeists and just lost her domineering mother; and the skeptical Luke (Russ Tamblyn), who will inherit the house when its elderly owner dies. The house does not disappoint, and the visitors experience strange sounds and mysterious voices, doors banging shut on their own, and a sinister message scrawled on a wall: “Help Eleanor come home.”

Initial reviews were mixed, but the film has grown in stature over the decades. Jackson herself was not a fan. Wise did make considerable changes, shortening the backstory and cutting out several characters. He also downplayed the overt supernatural elements in Jackson’s novel, focusing on Eleanor’s mental instability and eventual breakdown. Wise envisioned it as the house taking over her mind. Modern sensibilities accustomed to much more intense horror might not find The Haunting especially scary, but it is beautifully rendered with skillful use of clever special effects. For instance, to make the house seem alive, Wise filmed the exterior shots in infrared to give it an otherworldly vibe, framing the shots so that the windows resemble the house’s eyes.

The Shining (1980)

twin girls in matching light blue dresses and white knee socks standing in a hallway with yellow flowered wallpaper

Credit: Warner Bros.

Stanley Kubrick’s adaptation of the 1977 bestselling novel by Stephen King probably needs no introduction. But for those not familiar with the story, Jack Torrance (Jack Nicholson) takes a position as the winter caretaker of the remote Overlook Hotel in the Rocky Mountains, bringing his wife, Wendy (Shelley Duvall), and young son, Danny (Danny Lloyd). Danny has a psychic gift called “the shining,” which allows him to communicate telepathically with the hotel cook, Dick Halloran (Scatman Crothers). The previous caretaker went mad and murdered his family. Over the course of the film, Jack slowly begins to succumb to the same madness, putting his own wife and child in danger.

Initial reviews weren’t particularly favorable—King himself is not a fan of the film—but it’s now considered a horror classic and a subject of much academic study among film scholars. This is another film that has seen a lot of debate about whether the ghosts are real, with some arguing that Jack and Danny might just be hallucinating the Overlook’s malevolent ghosts into existence. Or maybe it’s the hotel manifesting ghosts to drive Jack insane. (I choose to interpret the ghosts in The Shining as real while appreciating the deliberate ambiguity.) There are so many memorable moments: the eerie twin girls (“Come and play with us”), the bathtub lady in Room 237, Lloyd the creepy bartender, the elaborate hedge maze, “REDRUM,” Jack hacking through a door and exclaiming, “Heeere’s Johnny!” and that avalanche of blood pouring down a hotel hallway. It’s a must-watch.

Ghost Story (1981)

young woman with dark haired bob wearing a 1920s white dress and hat, standing in a road illuminated by headlights on a snowy night

Credit: Universal Pictures

Adapted from the 1979 novel by Peter Straub, Ghost Story centers on a quartet of elderly men in a New England town called Milburn. They are lifelong friends who call themselves the Chowder Society and gather every week to tell spooky stories. Edward Wanderly (Douglas Fairbanks Jr.) is the town’s mayor; Ricky Hawthorne (Fred Astaire) is a businessman; Sears James (John Houseman) is a lawyer; and John Jaffrey (Melvyn Douglas) is a physician. The trouble starts when Edward’s son, David (Craig Wasson), falls to his death from a New York City high-rise after the young woman he’s engaged to suddenly turns into a putrefying living corpse in their shared bed.

The apparent suicide brings Edward’s other son, Dan (also Wasson), back to Milburn. Dan doesn’t believe his brother killed himself and tells the Chowder Society his own ghost story: He fell in love with a young woman named Alma (Alice Krige) before realizing something was wrong with her. When he broke things off, Alma got engaged to David. And it just so happens that Alma bears a striking resemblance to a young woman named Eva Galli (also Krige) captured in an old photograph with all the members of the Chowder Society back in their youth. Yep, the old men share a dark secret, and the chickens are finally coming home to roost.

I won’t claim that Ghost Story is the best film of all time. It has its flaws, most notably the inclusion of two escaped psychiatric hospital patients purportedly in the service of Eva’s vengeful ghost. The tone is occasionally a bit over-the-top, but the film honors all the classic tropes, and there are many lovely individual scenes. The main cast is terrific; it was the final film for both Astaire and Fairbanks. And that spooky New England winter setting is a special effect all its own. The sight of Eva’s apparition materializing through the swirling snow to stand in the middle of the road in front of Sears’ car is one that has stuck with me for decades.

Poltergeist (1982)

back view of little girl silhouetted against the TV glow; screen is all static and girl is holding both hands to the screen

Credit: MGM/UA Entertainment

“They’re heeere!” That might be one of the best-known movie lines from the 1980s, announcing the arrival of the titular poltergeists. In this Tobe Hooper tale of terror, Steven and Diane Freeling (Craig T. Nelson and JoBeth Williams) have just moved with their three children into a suburban dream house in the newly constructed community of Cuesta Verde, California. Their youngest, Carol Anne (Heather O’Rourke), starts hearing voices in the TV static late at night, and things soon escalate as multiple ghosts play pranks on the family. When Carol Anne mysteriously disappears, Steven and Diane realize at least one of the ghosts is far from friendly and call on local parapsychologists for help.

Steven Spielberg initiated the project, but his obligations to filming E.T. prevented him from directing, although he visited the set frequently. (There’s been considerable debate over whether Hooper or Spielberg really directed the film, but the consensus over time credits Hooper.) Despite the super-scary shenanigans, it definitely has elements of that lighter Spielberg touch, and it all adds up to a vastly entertaining supernatural thriller. Special shoutout to Zelda Rubinstein’s eccentric psychic medium with the baby voice, Tangina, who lends an element of whimsy to the proceedings.

Lady in White (1988)

young boy curled up near an arched window at night with a har and wearing red gloves

Credit: New Century Vista Film

As a child actor, Lukas Haas won audience hearts when he played an Amish boy who sees a murder in the 1985 film Witness. Less well-known is his performance in Lady in White, playing 9-year-old Frankie Scarlatti. On Halloween in 1962, school bullies lock Frankie in the classroom coatroom, where he is trapped for the night. That’s when he sees the apparition of a young girl (Joelle Jacobi) being brutally murdered by an invisible assailant. Then an actual man enters, trying to recover something from a floor grate. When he realizes someone is there, he strangles Frankie unconscious; Frankie’s father, Angelo (Alex Rocco), finds and rescues him in the nick of time.

Frankie has a vision of that same girl while unconscious, asking him to help her find her mother. That little girl, it turns out, was one of 11 child victims targeted by a local serial killer. Frankie and his older brother, Geno (Jason Presson), decide to investigate. Their efforts lead to some shocking revelations about tragedies past and present as the increasingly desperate killer sets his sights on Frankie.

Director Frank LaLoggia based the story on the “lady in white” legend about a ghostly figure searching for her daughter in LaLoggia’s hometown of Rochester, New York. Granted, the special effects are cheesy and dated—the director was working with a lean $4.7 million budget—and LaLoggia can’t seem to end the film, adding twist after twist well after the audience is ready for a denouement. But overall, it’s a charming film, with plenty of warmth and heart to offset the dark premise, primarily because the Scarlattis are the quintessential Italian American New England family. Lady in White inexplicably bombed at the box office, despite positive critical reviews, but it’s a hidden 1980s gem.

Dead Again (1991)

young woman, frightened, pointing gun at the camera

Credit: Paramount Pictures

In 1948, a composer named Roman Strauss is convicted of brutally stabbing his pianist wife, Margaret, to death with a pair of scissors and is executed. Over 40 years later, a woman (Emma Thompson) shows up with amnesia and is unable to speak at a Catholic orphanage that just happens to be the old Strauss mansion. The woman regularly barricades her door at night and inevitably wakes up screaming.

The nuns ask private investigator Mike Church (Kenneth Branagh) to find out her identity. Antiques dealer and hypnotist Franklyn Madson (Derek Jacobi) offers his assistance to help “Grace” recover her memory. Madson regresses her to a past life—that of Margaret and Roman Strauss’s doomed marriage. The truth about what really happened in 1948 unfolds in a series of black-and-white flashbacks—and they just might be the key to Grace’s cure.

As director, Branagh drew influences from various Hitchcock films, Rebecca, and Citizen Kane, as well as the stories of Edgar Allen Poe. The film is tightly written and well-plotted, and it ably balances suspense and sentiment. Plus, there are great performances from the entire cast, especially Robin Williams as a disgraced psychiatrist now working in a grocery store.

Some might question whether Dead Again counts as a bona fide ghost story instead of a romantic thriller with supernatural elements, i.e., hypnotherapy and past-life regression. It’s still two dead lovers, Roman and Margaret, reaching through the past to their reincarnated selves in the present to solve a mystery, exact justice, and get their happily ever after. That makes it a ghost story to me.

Stir of Echoes (1999)

shirtless man in jeans digging a hole in his backyard

Credit: Artisan Entertainment

Stir of Echoes is one of my favorite Kevin Bacon films, second only to Tremors, although it hasn’t achieved the same level of cult classic success. Bacon plays Tom Witzky, a phone lineman in a working-class Chicago neighborhood. He loves his wife Maggie (Kathryn Erbe) and son Jake (Zachary David Cope), but he struggles with the fact that his life just isn’t what he’d imagined. One night, he agrees to be hypnotized by his sister-in-law (Illeana Douglas) after mocking her belief in the paranormal. This unlocks latent psychic abilities, which he shares with his far more gifted son, and he begins having disturbing visions of a young girl who disappeared from the neighborhood the year before. Naturally, Tom becomes obsessed with solving the mystery behind his intensifying visions.

Based on a novel by Richard Matheson, director David Koep drew on films like Repulsion, Rosemary’s Baby, and The Dead Zone for tonal inspiration, but Stir of Echoes still falls firmly into the ghost story genre. It’s just grounded in an ordinary real-world setting that makes the spooky suspense all the more effective, further aided by Bacon inhabiting the role of Tom so effortlessly that he barely seems to be acting. Alas, the film suffered at the box office and from unfavorable (and unfair) contemporary comparisons to The Sixth Sense (see below), released that same year. But it’s well worth a watch (and a rewatch).

The Sixth Sense (1999)

little boy looking scared being comforted by a man kneeling in front of him

Credit: Buena Vista Pictures

This is the film that launched director M. Night Shyamalan’s career, snagging him two Oscar nominations in the process. Child psychologist Malcolm Crowe (Bruce Willis) is shot by a troubled former patient, Vincent (Donnie Wahlberg), one night at home. A year later, he has a new case with striking similarities—9-year-old Cole Sears (Haley Joel Osment)—and devotes himself to helping the boy, as a way to atone for his failure to help Vincent. Malcolm thinks Cole’s problems might be even more severe, especially when Cole confesses (in a famous scene), “I see dead people.” And those dead people can be really scary, especially to a 9-year-old boy.

The Sixth Sense was a massive hit, grossing over $672 million globally, fueled in part by a jolting final plot twist that hardly anyone saw coming. But it’s Osment’s astonishing performance as Cole that anchored it all and marked the young actor as a rising talent. (It’s also one of Willis’ best, most nuanced performances.) Shyamalan has made many films since, and several are really good, but none have ever come close to this one.

What Lies Beneath (2000)

Beautiful blond woman in a sweater standing in the fog hugging herself to keep warm

Credit: DreamWorks Pictures

A luminous Michelle Pfeiffer stars as Claire Spencer, a gifted cellist who gave up her career for marriage to scientist Norman Spencer (Harrison Ford) and motherhood. But when their daughter goes off to college, Claire finds herself struggling to cope, particularly since there are tensions in her marriage. Plus, she’s still recovering psychologically from a car accident the year before, of which she has no memory. When mysterious psychic disturbances begin to manifest, Claire is convinced the ghost of a young woman is haunting her; everyone else thinks she’s just dealing with delayed grief and trauma. Claire nonetheless slowly begins to uncover the truth about the mysterious presence and her accident—and that truth just might end up costing her life.

What Lies Beneath started out as a treatment for Steven Spielberg, who envisioned something along the lines of a ghost story equivalent to Close Encounters of the Third Kind—primarily about discovery and first contact, while also exploring the psychological state of a new empty nester. But Spielberg ultimately passed on the project and handed it over to director Robert Zemeckis, who turned it into a psychological thriller/ghost story with a Hitchcockian vibe. Those earlier elements remain, however, and the leisurely pacing helps develop Claire as a character and gives Pfeiffer a chance to show off her acting chops, not just her exquisite beauty. It’s broody and satisfying and a perennial seasonal favorite for a rewatch.

The Others (2001)

young girl, back to camera, dressed n white with a veil playing with a marionette

Credit: Dimension Films

This film might be director Alejandro Amenábar’s masterpiece, merging the sensibilities of arthouse cinema with mainstream movie-making. A young mother named Grace (Nicole Kidman) and her two children are living in a remote house on the Channel Island of Jersey, recently liberated from German occupation at the end of World War II. The house is kept in near darkness at all times because the children have a severe sensitivity to light. But there are disturbances in the house that Grace fears may be evidence of a haunting, and the three creepy new servants she hired seem to have ulterior motives for being there. And just who is buried in the small, overgrown cemetery on the grounds?

Much of the film’s success is due to Kidman’s incredibly disciplined, intense performance as the icily reserved, tightly wound Grace, whose gradual unraveling drives the plot. It’s a simple plot by design. All the complexity lies in the building tension and sense of oppressiveness, augmented by Amenábar’s claustrophobic sets and minimalist lighting of sepia-toned scenes. It all leads up to a chilling climax with an appropriately satisfying twist.

Crimson Peak (2015)

woman with long blonde hair in Gothic period dress holing a candelabra in a dark corridor

Credit: Universal Pictures

Guillermo del Toro has always had an extraordinary knack for lush visuals teeming with Gothic elements. The director went all in on the Gothic horror for this ghostly tale of a Victorian-era American heiress (Mia Wasikowska) who weds a handsome but impoverished English nobleman, Sir Thomas Sharpe (Tom Hiddleston). Edith finds herself living in his crumbling family mansion, which is definitely haunted. And Edith should know. She’s had ghostly visits from her dead mother since childhood, warning her to “beware of Crimson Peak,” so she’s sensitive to haunted vibes.

Edith really should have listened to her mother. Not only is Thomas strangely reluctant to consummate their marriage, but his sister, Lucille—played to perfection by Jessica Chastain—is openly hostile and might just be slipping a suspicious substance into Edith’s tea. Will Edith uncover the dark secret of Crimson Peak and escape a potentially terrible fate? Del Toro set out to put a modern twist on the classic haunted house genre, and he succeeded, drawing on several other films on this list for inspiration (The Haunting, The Innocents, and The Shining, specifically). But at its heart, Crimson Peak is pure del Toro: sinister, atmospheric, soaked in rich colors (and sometimes blood), with a spectacular payoff at the end.

A Ghost Story (2017)

young woman seated at a desk with a small figure draped in a sheet wth eye holes cut out standing beside her

Credit: A24

This is probably the most unconventional approach to the genre on the list. Casey Affleck and Rooney Mara play a husband and wife known only as C and M, respectively, who have been at odds because M wants to move and C does not. Their house isn’t anything special—a small ranch-style affair in a semi-rural area—but it might be haunted.

One night, there is a mysterious bang, and the couple can’t locate the source when they search the house. Then C is killed in a car accident, his body covered with a sheet at the hospital morgue. C rises as a ghost, still wearing the sheet (now with two eyeholes) and makes his way back to the house, where he remains for a very long time, even long after M has moved out. (There’s also another ghost next door in a flowered sheet, waiting for someone it can no longer remember.)

There is almost no dialogue, Affleck spends most of the movie covered in a sheet, there is very little in the way of a musical soundtrack, and the entire film is shot in a 1.33:1 aspect ratio. Director David Lowery has said he made that choice because the film is “about someone trapped in a box for eternity, and I felt the claustrophobia of that situation could be amplified by the boxiness of the aspect ratio.” Somehow it all works. A Ghost Story isn’t about being scary; it’s a moody, poignant exploration of love lost—and it takes the audience to some conceptual spaces few films dare to tread.

Photo of Jennifer Ouellette

Jennifer is a senior writer at Ars Technica with a particular focus on where science meets culture, covering everything from physics and related interdisciplinary topics to her favorite films and TV series. Jennifer lives in Baltimore with her spouse, physicist Sean M. Carroll, and their two cats, Ariel and Caliban.

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Trailer for Anaconda meta-reboot leans into the laughs

Sony Pictures has dropped a trailer for its upcoming horror comedy, Anaconda, a meta-reboot of the 1997 campy cult classic—and frankly, it looks like a lot of fun. Starring Paul Rudd and Jack Black, the film will arrive in theaters on Christmas Day.

(Spoilers for the 1997 film below.)

The original Anaconda was your basic B-movie creature feature, only with an all-star cast and better production values. The plot revolved around a documentary film crew (Jennifer Lopez, Ice Cube, Eric Stoltz, Jonathan Hyde, and Owen Wilson) who travel to the Amazon in search of a long-lost Indigenous tribe. They take on a stranded Paraguayan snake hunter named Serone (Jon Voight, affecting a hilariously bad foreign accent), who strong-arms them into helping him hunt down a 25-foot green anaconda. He wants to capture the animal alive, thinking he can sell it for over $1 million.

The snake has other ideas, chowing down on the boat’s skipper and the crew’s sound engineer and still hungry for more. The remaining crew’s efforts to survive are hampered by Serone, who still wants the snake alive and even kills one of the crew members himself. So it’s really a form of justice when he’s eaten by a 40-foot queen anaconda at the film’s end.

Anaconda wasn’t well-received by critics, but it made a decent showing at the box office, grossing about $136 million globally. It has since become a cult classic, one of those “so bad it’s good” offerings. It was even nominated for six Razzie Awards, including for Worst Screen Couple (Voight and the animatronic anaconda).

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the-new-dolby-vision-2-hdr-standard-is-probably-going-to-be-controversial

The new Dolby Vision 2 HDR standard is probably going to be controversial

Dolby has announced the features of Dolby Vision 2, its successor to the popular Dolby Vision HDR format.

Whereas the original Dolby Vision was meant to give creators the ability to finely tune exactly how TVs present content in HDR, Dolby Vision 2 appears to significantly broaden that feature to include motion handling as well—and it also tries to bridge the gap between filmmaker intent and the on-the-ground reality of the individual viewing environments.

What does that mean, exactly? Well, Dolby says one of the pillars of Dolby Vision 2 will be “Content Intelligence,” which introduces new “AI capabilities” to the Dolby Vision spec. Among other things, that means using sensors in the TV to try to fix the oft-complained-about issue of shows being too dark.

Many editors and filmmakers tweak their video content to be best viewed in a dark room on a high-end TV with strong peak brightness, contrast, color accuracy, and so on. Unfortunately, that sometimes means that some shows are laughably dark on anything but the most optimal target setup—think Apple TV+’s Silo, or the infamous Battle of Winterfell in the final season of Game of Thrones, both of which many people complained were too dark for clear viewing.

With Content Intelligence, Dolby Vision 2 will allegedly make the image “crystal clear” by “improving clarity in any viewing environment without compromising intent.” Further, it will use ambient light detection sensors in supporting TVs to adjust the content’s presentation based on how bright the viewer’s room is.

Fixing motion smoothing—or making it worse?

There’s plenty that’s going to be controversial in Content Intelligence with some purists, but it’s another feature called Authentic Motion that’s probably going to cause the biggest stir for Dolby Vision 2.

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species-at-30-makes-for-a-great-guilty-pleasure

Species at 30 makes for a great guilty pleasure


Sure, the plot lacks originality, but it’s a solid B movie—and H.R. Giger designed the alien life form.

Earlier this month, Hollywood mourned the passing of Michael Madsen, a gifted actor best known for his critically acclaimed roles in Reservoir Dogs, Kill Bill, and Donnie Brasco, among others. Few obituaries have mentioned one of his lesser-known roles: a black ops mercenary hired to help hunt down an escaped human/alien hybrid in 1995’s Species. The sci-fi thriller turns 30 this year, and while it garnered decidedly mixed reviews upon release, the film holds up quite well as a not-quite-campy B monster movie that makes for a great guilty pleasure.

(Many spoilers below.)

Screenwriter Dennis Feldman (The Golden Child) was partially inspired by an Arthur C. Clarke article discussing how the odds were slim that an extraterrestrial craft would ever visit Earth, given the great distances that would need to be traversed (assuming that traveling faster than the speed of light would be highly unlikely). Feldman was intrigued by the prospect of making extraterrestrial contact via information— specifically, alien instructions on how to build an instrument that could talk to terrestrial humans.

That instrument wouldn’t be mechanical but organic, enabling an extraterrestrial visitor to adapt to Earth via combined DNA. Furthermore, rather than viewing projects like SETI or the Voyager missions—both of which sent transmissions containing information about Earth—as positive, Feldman considered them potentially dangerous, essentially inviting predators to target Earth’s inhabitants. His alien would be a kind of bioweapon. The result was Species, which began as a spec script that eventually attracted the interest of MGM and director Roger Donaldson (The Bounty, No Way Out).

The premise is that the US government receives a response to the transmissions set into space: One message gives instructions on a new fuel source; the other contains explicit instructions on how to create an alien DNA sample and splice it with that of a human. Dr. Xavier Fitch (Ben Kingsley) is the scientist in charge of conducting the latter experiment, and the result is Sil (played as a young girl by Michelle Williams), a female alien/human hybrid they believed would have “docile and controllable” traits.

In just three months, Sil develops into a 12-year-old girl. But she starts exhibiting odd behavior as she sleeps, indicative of violent tendencies. Fitch decides to terminate the experiment, which means killing Sil by filling her containment cell with cyanide gas. A betrayed Sil breaks out of her cell and escapes. Fitch (who is the worst) puts together a crack team to track her down and eliminate her: mercenary Preston Lennox (Madsen); a molecular biologist named Dr. Laura Baker (a pre-CSI Marg Helgenberger); anthropologist Dr. Stephen Arden (Alfred Molina), and an “empath” named Dan Smithson (Forest Whitaker).

An experiment run amok

Preston Lennox (Michael Madsen), Dan Smithson (Forest Whitaker), Dr. Xavier Fitch (Ben Kingsley), and Dr. Laura Baker (Marg Helgenberger) must hunt down an escaped alien/human hybrid. MGM

Sil won’t be easy to find. Not only does she evade detection and hop on a train to Los Angeles, but she also transforms into a cocoon stage en route, emerging as a fully grown female (Natasha Henstridge) upon arrival. She’s smart and resourceful, too—and very deadly when she feels her survival is threatened, which is often. The team must locate Sil before she manages to mate and produce equally rapid-developing offspring. At least they can follow all the bodies: a tramp on the train, a train conductor, a young woman in a nightclub, a rejected suitor, etc. Of course, she finally manages to mate—with an unsuspecting Arden, no less—and gives birth in the labyrinthine LA sewers, before she and her hybrid son meet their grisly demises.

One can only admire H.R. Giger’s striking alien design; he wanted to create a monster who was “an aesthetic warrior, also sensual and deadly,” and he very much delivered on that vision. He had also wanted several stages of development for Sil, but in the end, the filmmakers kept things simple, limiting themselves to the cocoon stage that shepherded young Sil through puberty and Sil’s final alien maternal form with translucent skin—described as being “like a glass body but with carbon inside.”

That said, Giger didn’t much care for the final film. He thought it was much too similar to the Alien franchise, which boasts his most famous creature design, the xenomorph. For instance, there is the same punching tongue (Giger had wanted to incorporate barbed hooks for Sil), and Sil giving birth seems eerily akin to Alien‘s famous “chestburster” scene. Giger did manage to convince the director to have the team ultimately take out Sil with a fatal shot to the head rather than with flame-throwers, which he felt was too derivative of Alien 3 and Terminator 2: Judgement Day.

Giger had a point: Species is not particularly ground-breaking or original in terms of plot or the nature of the alien posing a threat to humankind. The dialogue is uninspired (occasionally downright trite) and the characters aren’t well developed, most notably Kingsley’s weak-willed amoral scientist and Whitaker’s reluctant empath—both exceptionally gifted actors who are largely wasted here. Poor Whitaker is reduced to looking broody and stating the obvious about whatever Sil might be “feeling.” There are gestures toward themes that are never fully explored, and the outcome is predictable, right down to the final twist.

The mating game

Sil picks up a potential mate (Anthony Guidera) at ta local club. MGM

But there’s also plenty to like about Species. Madsen and Helgenberger give strong performances and have excellent on-screen chemistry; their sweetly awkward sex scene is the antithesis of Sil’s far more brutal approach—in fact, Sil learns more about the subtleties of seduction by eavesdropping on the pair. And the film is well-paced, with all the right beats and memorable moments for a successful sci-fi thriller.

Former model Henstridge acquits herself just fine in her debut role. Much was made in the press of Henstridge’s nude scenes, but while her beauty is used to great effect, it’s the character of Sil and her journey that compels our attention the most, along with our shifting emotions toward her. Young Sil is sympathetic, the result of an unethical science experiment. She didn’t ask to be born and has little control over what is happening to her. But she does want to live (hence her escape) and is genuinely scared when she begins to transform into her cocoon on the train.

Our sympathy is tested when adult Sil brutally kills a kindly train conductor, and then a romantic rival in a nightclub, both in a very gruesome manner. We might be able to rationalize the killing of the first rejected suitor, since he refuses to accept she’s changed her mind about mating with him and gets rough. But nice guy John (Whip Hubley)? The woman she takes as hostage to fake her own death? Both offer to help Sil and die for their trouble.

Granted, Sil’s distrust of humans is learned. She is being hunted by a team of professionals who intend to kill her, after all. When the woman hostage swears she won’t harm Sil if she lets her go, Sil responds, “Yes you would. You just don’t know it yet.” We gradually realize that Sil is not that little girl any longer—if she ever was—but a ruthless creature driven entirely by instinct, even if she doesn’t fully understand why she’s been sent to Earth in the first place. As Laura notes, adult Sil views humans as disposable “intergalactic weeds.” By the time we get to the showdown in the sewer, Sil isn’t even in human form anymore, so the audience has no qualms about her eventual violent demise.

Species performed well enough at the box office to spawn multiple sequels—each one worse than the last— an adapted novel, and a Dark Horse Comics series. None of them captured the unique combination of elements that lifted the original above its various shortcomings. It will never match Alien, but Species is nonetheless an entertaining ride.

Photo of Jennifer Ouellette

Jennifer is a senior writer at Ars Technica with a particular focus on where science meets culture, covering everything from physics and related interdisciplinary topics to her favorite films and TV series. Jennifer lives in Baltimore with her spouse, physicist Sean M. Carroll, and their two cats, Ariel and Caliban.

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Curated realities: An AI film festival and the future of human expression


We saw 10 AI films and interviewed Runway’s CEO as well as Hollywood pros.

An AI-generated frame of a person looking at an array of television screens

A still from Total Pixel Space, the Grand Prix winner at AIFF 2025.

A still from Total Pixel Space, the Grand Prix winner at AIFF 2025.

Last week, I attended a film festival dedicated to shorts made using generative AI. Dubbed AIFF 2025, it was an event precariously balancing between two different worlds.

The festival was hosted by Runway, a company that produces models and tools for generating images and videos. In panels and press briefings, a curated list of industry professionals made the case for Hollywood to embrace AI tools. In private meetings with industry professionals, I gained a strong sense that there is already a widening philosophical divide within the film and television business.

I also interviewed Runway CEO Cristóbal Valenzuela about the tightrope he walks as he pitches his products to an industry that has deeply divided feelings about what role AI will have in its future.

To unpack all this, it makes sense to start with the films, partly because the film that was chosen as the festival’s top prize winner says a lot about the issues at hand.

A festival of oddities and profundities

Since this was the first time the festival has been open to the public, the crowd was a diverse mix: AI tech enthusiasts, working industry creatives, and folks who enjoy movies and who were curious about what they’d see—as well as quite a few people who fit into all three groups.

The scene at the entrance to the theater at AIFF 2025 in Santa Monica, California.

The films shown were all short, and most would be more at home at an art film fest than something more mainstream. Some shorts featured an animated aesthetic (including one inspired by anime) and some presented as live action. There was even a documentary of sorts. The films could be made entirely with Runway or other AI tools, or those tools could simply be a key part of a stack that also includes more traditional filmmaking methods.

Many of these shorts were quite weird. Most of us have seen by now that AI video-generation tools excel at producing surreal and distorted imagery—sometimes whether the person prompting the tool wants that or not. Several of these films leaned into that limitation, treating it as a strength.

Representing that camp was Vallée Duhamel’s Fragments of Nowhere, which visually explored the notion of multiple dimensions bleeding into one another. Cars morphed into the sides of houses, and humanoid figures, purported to be inter-dimensional travelers, moved in ways that defied anatomy. While I found this film visually compelling at times, I wasn’t seeing much in it that I hadn’t already seen from dreamcore or horror AI video TikTok creators like GLUMLOT or SinRostroz in recent years.

More compelling were shorts that used this propensity for oddity to generate imagery that was curated and thematically tied to some aspect of human experience or identity. For example, More Tears than Harm by Herinarivo Rakotomanana was a rotoscope animation-style “sensory collage of childhood memories” of growing up in Madagascar. Its specificity and consistent styling lent it a credibility that Fragments of Nowhere didn’t achieve. I also enjoyed Riccardo Fusetti’s Editorial on this front.

More Tears Than Harm, an unusual animated film at AIFF 2025.

Among the 10 films in the festival, two clearly stood above the others in my impressions—and they ended up being the Grand Prix and Gold prize winners. (The judging panel included filmmakers Gaspar Noé and Harmony Korine, Tribeca Enterprises CEO Jane Rosenthal, IMAX head of post and image capture Bruce Markoe, Lionsgate VFX SVP Brianna Domont, Nvidia developer relations lead Richard Kerris, and Runway CEO Cristóbal Valenzuela, among others).

Runner-up Jailbird was the aforementioned quasi-documentary. Directed by Andrew Salter, it was a brief piece that introduced viewers to a program in the UK that places chickens in human prisons as companion animals, to positive effect. Why make that film with AI, you might ask? Well, AI was used to achieve shots that wouldn’t otherwise be doable for a small-budget film to depict the experience from the chicken’s point of view. The crowd loved it.

Jailbird, the runner-up at AIFF 2025.

Then there was the Grand Prix winner, Jacob Adler’s Total Pixel Space, which was, among other things, a philosophical defense of the very idea of AI art. You can watch Total Pixel Space on YouTube right now, unlike some of the other films. I found it strangely moving, even as I saw its selection as the festival’s top winner with some cynicism. Of course they’d pick that one, I thought, although I agreed it was the most interesting of the lot.

Total Pixel Space, the Grand Prix winner at AIFF 2025.

Total Pixel Space

Even though it risked navel-gazing and self-congratulation in this venue, Total Pixel Space was filled with compelling imagery that matched the themes, and it touched on some genuinely interesting ideas—at times, it seemed almost profound, didactic as it was.

“How many images can possibly exist?” the film’s narrator asked. To answer that, it explains the concept of total pixel space, which actually reflects how image generation tools work:

Pixels are the building blocks of digital images—tiny tiles forming a mosaic. Each pixel is defined by numbers representing color and position. Therefore, any digital image can be represented as a sequence of numbers…

Just as we don’t need to write down every number between zero and one to prove they exist, we don’t need to generate every possible image to prove they exist. Their existence is guaranteed by the mathematics that defines them… Every frame of every possible film exists as coordinates… To deny this would be to deny the existence of numbers themselves.

The nine-minute film demonstrates that the number of possible images or films is greater than the number of atoms in the universe and argues that photographers and filmmakers may be seen as discovering images that already exist in the possibility space rather than creating something new.

Within that framework, it’s easy to argue that generative AI is just another way for artists to “discover” images.

The balancing act

“We are all—and I include myself in that group as well—obsessed with technology, and we keep chatting about models and data sets and training and capabilities,” Runway CEO Cristóbal Valenzuela said to me when we spoke the next morning. “But if you look back and take a minute, the festival was celebrating filmmakers and artists.”

I admitted that I found myself moved by Total Pixel Space‘s articulations. “The winner would never have thought of himself as a filmmaker, and he made a film that made you feel something,” Valenzuela responded. “I feel that’s very powerful. And the reason he could do it was because he had access to something that just wasn’t possible a couple of months ago.”

First-time and outsider filmmakers were the focus of AIFF 2025, but Runway works with established studios, too—and those relationships have an inherent tension.

The company has signed deals with companies like Lionsgate and AMC Networks. In some cases, it trains on data provided by those companies; in others, it embeds within them to try to develop tools that fit how they already work. That’s not something competitors like OpenAI are doing yet, so that, combined with a head start in video generation, has allowed Runway to grow and stay competitive so far.

“We go directly into the companies, and we have teams of creatives that are working alongside them. We basically embed ourselves within the organizations that we’re working with very deeply,” Valenzuela explained. “We do versions of our film festival internally for teams as well so they can go through the process of making something and seeing the potential.”

Founded in 2018 at New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts by two Chileans and one Greek co-founder, Runway has a very different story than its Silicon Valley competitors. It was one of the first to bring an actually usable video-generation tool to the masses. Runway also contributed in foundational ways to the popular Stable Diffusion model.

Though it is vastly outspent by competitors like OpenAI, it has taken a hands-on approach to working with existing industries. You won’t hear Valenzuela or other Runway leaders talking about the imminence of AGI or anything so lofty; instead, it’s all about selling the product as something that can solve existing problems in creatives’ workflows.

Still, an artist’s mindset and relationships within the industry don’t negate some fundamental conflicts. There are multiple intellectual property cases involving Runway and its peers, and though the company hasn’t admitted it, there is evidence that it trained its models on copyrighted YouTube videos, among other things.

Cristóbal Valenzuela speaking on the AIFF 2025 stage. Credit: Samuel Axon

Valenzuela suggested that studios are worried about liability, not underlying principles, though, saying:

Most of the concerns on copyright are on the output side, which is like, how do you make sure that the model doesn’t create something that already exists or infringes on something. And I think for that, we’ve made sure our models don’t and are supportive of the creative direction you want to take without being too limiting. We work with every major studio, and we offer them indemnification.

In the past, he has also defended Runway by saying that what it’s producing is not a re-creation of what has come before. He sees the tool’s generative process as distinct—legally, creatively, and ethically—from simply pulling up assets or references from a database.

“People believe AI is sort of like a system that creates and conjures things magically with no input from users,” he said. “And it’s not. You have to do that work. You still are involved, and you’re still responsible as a user in terms of how you use it.”

He seemed to share this defense of AI as a legitimate tool for artists with conviction, but given that he’s been pitching these products directly to working filmmakers, he was also clearly aware that not everyone agrees with him. There is not even a consensus among those in the industry.

An industry divided

While in LA for the event, I visited separately with two of my oldest friends. Both of them work in the film and television industry in similar disciplines. They each asked what I was in town for, and I told them I was there to cover an AI film festival.

One immediately responded with a grimace of disgust, “Oh, yikes, I’m sorry.” The other responded with bright eyes and intense interest and began telling me how he already uses AI in his day-to-day to do things like extend shots by a second or two for a better edit, and expressed frustration at his company for not adopting the tools faster.

Neither is alone in their attitudes. Hollywood is divided—and not for the first time.

There have been seismic technological changes in the film industry before. There was the transition from silent films to talkies, obviously; moviemaking transformed into an entirely different art. Numerous old jobs were lost, and numerous new jobs were created.

Later, there was the transition from film to digital projection, which may be an even tighter parallel. It was a major disruption, with some companies and careers collapsing while others rose. There were people saying, “Why do we even need this?” while others believed it was the only sane way forward. Some audiences declared the quality worse, and others said it was better. There were analysts arguing it could be stopped, while others insisted it was inevitable.

IMAX’s head of post production, Bruce Markoe, spoke briefly about that history at a press mixer before the festival. “It was a little scary,” he recalled. “It was a big, fundamental change that we were going through.”

People ultimately embraced it, though. “The motion picture and television industry has always been very technology-forward, and they’ve always used new technologies to advance the state of the art and improve the efficiencies,” Markoe said.

When asked whether he thinks the same thing will happen with generative AI tools, he said, “I think some filmmakers are going to embrace it faster than others.” He pointed to AI tools’ usefulness for pre-visualization as particularly valuable and noted some people are already using it that way, but it will take time for people to get comfortable with.

And indeed, many, many filmmakers are still loudly skeptical. “The concept of AI is great,” The Mitchells vs. the Machines director Mike Rianda said in a Wired interview. “But in the hands of a corporation, it is like a buzzsaw that will destroy us all.”

Others are interested in the technology but are concerned that it’s being brought into the industry too quickly, with insufficient planning and protections. That includes Crafty Apes Senior VFX Supervisor Luke DiTomasso. “How fast do we roll out AI technologies without really having an understanding of them?” he asked in an interview with Production Designers Collective. “There’s a potential for AI to accelerate beyond what we might be comfortable with, so I do have some trepidation and am maybe not gung-ho about all aspects of it.

Others remain skeptical that the tools will be as useful as some optimists believe. “AI never passed on anything. It loved everything it read. It wants you to win. But storytelling requires nuance—subtext, emotion, what’s left unsaid. That’s something AI simply can’t replicate,” said Alegre Rodriquez, a member of the Emerging Technology committee at the Motion Picture Editors Guild.

The mirror

Flying back from Los Angeles, I considered two key differences between this generative AI inflection point for Hollywood and the silent/talkie or film/digital transitions.

First, neither of those transitions involved an existential threat to the technology on the basis of intellectual property and copyright. Valenzuela talked about what matters to studio heads—protection from liability over the outputs. But the countless creatives who are critical of these tools also believe they should be consulted and even compensated for their work’s use in the training data for Runway’s models. In other words, it’s not just about the outputs, it’s also about the sourcing. As noted before, there are several cases underway. We don’t know where they’ll land yet.

Second, there’s a more cultural and philosophical issue at play, which Valenzuela himself touched on in our conversation.

“I think AI has become this sort of mirror where anyone can project all their fears and anxieties, but also their optimism and ideas of the future,” he told me.

You don’t have to scroll for long to come across techno-utopians declaring with no evidence that AGI is right around the corner and that it will cure cancer and save our society. You also don’t have to scroll long to encounter visceral anger at every generative AI company from people declaring the technology—which is essentially just a new methodology for programming a computer—fundamentally unethical and harmful, with apocalyptic societal and economic ramifications.

Amid all those bold declarations, this film festival put the focus on the on-the-ground reality. First-time filmmakers who might never have previously cleared Hollywood’s gatekeepers are getting screened at festivals because they can create competitive-looking work with a fraction of the crew and hours. Studios and the people who work there are saying they’re saving time, resources, and headaches in pre-viz, editing, visual effects, and other work that’s usually done under immense time and resource pressure.

“People are not paying attention to the very huge amount of positive outcomes of this technology,” Valenzuela told me, pointing to those examples.

In this online discussion ecosystem that elevates outrage above everything else, that’s likely true. Still, there is a sincere and rigorous conviction among many creatives that their work is contributing to this technology’s capabilities without credit or compensation and that the structural and legal frameworks to ensure minimal human harm in this evolving period of disruption are still inadequate. That’s why we’ve seen groups like the Writers Guild of America West support the Generative AI Copyright Disclosure Act and other similar legislation meant to increase transparency about how these models are trained.

The philosophical question with a legal answer

The winning film argued that “total pixel space represents both the ultimate determinism and the ultimate freedom—every possibility existing simultaneously, waiting for consciousness to give it meaning through the act of choice.”

In making this statement, the film suggested that creativity, above all else, is an act of curation. It’s a claim that nothing, truly, is original. It’s a distillation of human expression into the language of mathematics.

To many, that philosophy rings undeniably true: Every possibility already exists, and artists are just collapsing the waveform to the frame they want to reveal. To others, there is more personal truth to the romantic ideal that artwork is valued precisely because it did not exist until the artist produced it.

All this is to say that the debate about creativity and AI in Hollywood is ultimately a philosophical one. But it won’t be resolved that way.

The industry may succumb to litigation fatigue and a hollowed-out workforce—or it may instead find its way to fair deals, new opportunities for fresh voices, and transparent training sets.

For all this lofty talk about creativity and ideas, the outcome will come down to the contracts, court decisions, and compensation structures—all things that have always been at least as big a part of Hollywood as the creative work itself.

Photo of Samuel Axon

Samuel Axon is the editorial lead for tech and gaming coverage at Ars Technica. He covers AI, software development, gaming, entertainment, and mixed reality. He has been writing about gaming and technology for nearly two decades at Engadget, PC World, Mashable, Vice, Polygon, Wired, and others. He previously ran a marketing and PR agency in the gaming industry, led editorial for the TV network CBS, and worked on social media marketing strategy for Samsung Mobile at the creative agency SPCSHP. He also is an independent software and game developer for iOS, Windows, and other platforms, and he is a graduate of DePaul University, where he studied interactive media and software development.

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A shark scientist reflects on Jaws at 50


We’re still afraid to go in the water

Ars chats with marine biologist David Shiffman about the film’s legacy—both good and bad.

Roy Scheider starred as Chief Martin Brody in the 1975 blockbuster Jaws. Credit: Universal Pictures

Today marks the 50th anniversary of Jaws, Steven Spielberg’s blockbuster horror movie based on the bestselling novel by Peter Benchley. We’re marking the occasion with a tribute to this classic film and its enduring impact on the popular perception of sharks, shark conservation efforts, and our culture at large.

(Many spoilers below.)

Jaws tells the story of Chief Martin Brody (Roy Scheider), the new police chief for Amity Island, a New England beach town and prime summer tourist attraction. But that thriving industry is threatened by a series of shark attacks, although the local mayor, Larry Vaughn (Murray Hamilton), initially dismisses the possibility, ridiculing the findings of visiting marine biologist Matt Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss). The attacks keep escalating and the body count grows, until the town hires a grizzled shark hunter named Quint (Robert Shaw) to hunt down and kill the great white shark, with the help of Brody and Hooper.

Benchley wrote his novel after reading about a sports fisherman named Frank Mundus, who captured a very large shark in 1964; in fact, the character of Quint is loosely based on Mundus. Benchley wrote an early draft of the screenplay, which underwent multiple revisions during production. In the end, he estimated that his contributions amounted to the basic storyline and the mechanics. Spielberg wasn’t the studio’s first choice for director; initially they hired Dick Richards, but Richards kept referring to the shark as a whale. Eventually, he was fired and replaced with the 26-year-old Spielberg, who had just finished his first feature film (The Sugarland Express).

Spielberg was given a $3.5 million shooting budget and a timeframe of 55 days for filming. However, the production was troubled from the start, largely due to the director’s insistence on shooting on location in Martha’s Vineyard; Jaws was the first major film to be shot on the ocean. Spielberg later admitted, “I was pretty naive about Mother Nature and the hubris of a filmmaker who thinks he can conquer the elements was foolhardy.” Unwanted boats kept drifting into the frame; cameras kept getting waterlogged; Carl Gottlieb (who played the local news editor Meadows) was nearly decapitated by a propeller; Dreyfuss nearly got stuck in the shark cage; and several actors suffered from seasickness. Frustrated crew members took to calling the movie “Flaws.”

A shark strikes

“duh-duh-duh-duh-duh-duh….” Universal Pictures

There were three pneumatically powered full-sized mechanical sharks built for the shoot, nicknamed “Bruce,” and they kept malfunctioning. The pneumatic hoses kept taking on seawater; the skin was made of neoprene foam, which soaked up water and became bloated; and one of the models kept getting tangled up in seaweed. In the end, Spielberg opted to shoot most of the early scenes without ever showing the actual shark, which actually heightened the tension and suspense, especially when combined with John Williams’ ominous theme music (“duh-duh-duh-duh-duh-duh…”).

In the end, shooting ran for 159 days, and the budget ballooned to $9 million. All the delays gave Spielberg and his writers (especially Gottlieb) extra time to refine the script, often just prior to filming the scenes. A lot of the dialogue was improvised by the actors. And it was all worth it in the end, because Jaws went on to become a major summer box office success. All told, it grossed $476 million globally across all its theatrical releases and won three Oscars, although it lost Best Picture to One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.

Jaws inspired many, many subsequent films, including Ridley Scott’s Alien in 1979, described in pitch meetings as “Jaws in space. Audience reactions were often extreme, with many people becoming fearful of swimming in the ocean for fear of sharks. And while the sequels were, shall we say, underwhelming, the original Jaws has stood the test of time. Ars spoke with marine biologist and shark conservationist David Shiffman, author of Why Sharks Matter, to discuss the film’s depiction of sharks and its enduring place in popular culture.

Ars Technica: Let’s start by talking about the enormous impact of the film, both good and bad, on the general public’s awareness of sharks.

David Shiffman: A lot of folks in both the marine science world and the ocean conservation communities have reported that Jaws in a lot of ways changed our world. It’s not that people used to think that sharks were cute, cuddly, adorable animals, and then after Jaws, they thought that they were bloodthirsty killing machines. They just weren’t on people’s minds. Fishermen knew about them, surfers thought about them, but that was about it. Most people who went to the beach didn’t pay much mind to what could be there. Jaws absolutely shattered that. My parents both reported that the summer that Jaws came out, they were afraid to go swimming in their community swimming pools.

No, really, the water’s fine!

“You knew.” The young boy’s mother (Lee Fierro) confronts Brody. Universal Pictures

David Shiffman: I have encountered people who were so scared that they were afraid to go in the bathtub. A lot of movies are very scary, but they don’t have that real-world impact. I love Jurassic Park, but I’m not afraid that a T. rex is going to eat me when I go into an outhouse, even though that’s about as realistic as what’s portrayed in Jaws. There’s something called the “Jaws Effect” in public policy literature, which is a way of measuring how fictional portrayals of real-world issues affect what citizens think about that issue and what policy preferences they support as a result. It’s fascinating how a fictional portrayal can do that, because I cannot stress enough: That is not what sharks look like or how they behave.

The movie also was the first time that a scientist was the hero. People half a generation above me have reported that seeing Richard Dreyfuss’ Hooper on the big screen as the one who saves the day changed their career trajectory. “You can be a scientist who studies fish. Cool. I want to do that.” In the time since Jaws came out, a lot of major changes have happened. One is that shark populations have declined globally by about 50 percent, and many species are now critically endangered.

And shark science has become much more professionalized. The American Elasmobranch Society—I’m on the board of directors—was founded in 1983, and now we have about 500 members in the US, Canada ,and Mexico. There have since been subsequent organizations founded in Australia and the Pacific Islands, Europe, South America, and a new one starting this year in Asia.

And then, from a cultural standpoint, we now have a whole genre of bad shark movies.

Ars Technica: Sharknado!

David Shiffman: Yes! Sharknado is one of the better of the bunch. Sitting on my desk here, we’ve got Sharkenstein, Raiders of the Lost Shark, and, of course, Shark Exorcist, all from the 2010s. I’ve been quoted as saying there’s two types of shark movie: There’s Jaws and there’s bad shark movies.

Ars Technica: Populations of the tiger shark, the great white, and couple of other species have declined so dramatically that many are on the verge of extinction. Is it just a coincidence that those declines started shortly after Jaws came out? 

David Shiffman: The short answer is not that Jaws caused this, but that perhaps Jaws made it easier for it to happen because people weren’t outraged the way they might’ve been if it happened to say, whales, whose populations were also declining around the same time. The number one threat to shark species as a whole is unsustainable overfishing practices. People are killing too many sharks. Sustainable fisheries for sharks can and do exist, and the US largely has done a good job with this, but around the world, it’s a bad scene.

“A whole genre of bad shark movies”

For instance, shark fin soup started to be a problem around the 1980s thanks to the economic boom in China and the emergence of a new middle class there. Shark fin soup is a traditional Chinese and Southeast Asian delicacy. It’s associated with the emperor and his court. It’s not shark meat that’s used. It’s the little skeletal fin rays from the fins that are basically a bland, noodle-like substance when they’re dried and boiled. The purpose of this was for people to say, “I have so much money that I can eat these incredibly rare delicacies.” That was not caused by Jaws. But perhaps it was allowed to happen because there was less public sympathy for sharks.

It’s worth noting that shark fin soup and the shark fin trade is no longer the biggest or only threat to sharks. It hasn’t been in about 20 years. Ironically, a lot of that has to do with Chinese government efforts not to save the ocean, but to crack down on public corruption. A lot of government officials used to throw extravagant banquets for their friends and family. The new Chinese government said, “We’re not doing that anymore.” That alone saved a lot of endangered species. It was not motivated by concern about the state of the ocean, but it had that effect.

Ars Technica: People have a tendency to think that sharks are simply brutal killing machines. Why are they so important to the ecosystem?

David Shiffman: The title of my book is Why Sharks Matter because sharks do matter and people don’t think about them that way. These are food chains that provide billions of humans with food, including some of the poorest humans on Earth. They provide tens of millions of humans with jobs. When those food chains are disrupted, that’s bad for coastal communities, bad for food security and livelihoods. If we want to have healthy ocean food chains, we need a healthy top of the food chain, because when you lose the top of the food chain, the whole thing can unravel in unpredictable, but often quite devastating ways.

 So sharks play important ecological roles by holding the food chain that we all depend on in place. They’re also not a significant threat to you and your family. More people in a typical year die from flower pots falling on their head when they walk down the street. More people in a typical year die falling off a cliff when they’re trying to take a selfie of the scenery behind them, than are killed by sharks. Any human death or injury is a tragedy, and I don’t want to minimize that. But when we’re talking about global-scale policy responses, the relative risk versus reward needs to be considered.

Ars Technica:  There’s a scene in Jaws where Hooper is talking about his personal theory: territoriality, the idea that this rogue great white came in and made this his personal territory and now he’ll just keep feeding until the food runs out. Is that a real scientific premise from the 1970s and how valid is it?

The hunt begins

The town hires grizzled shark hunter Quint (Robert Shaw) to kill the great white shark. Universal Pictures

David Shiffman: Rogue sharks are nonsense. It is nonsense that is still held by some kooks who are ostensibly in my field, but it is not supported by any evidence whatsoever. In all of recorded human history, there is proof that exactly one shark bit more than one human. That was the Sharm el-Sheikh attacks around Christmas in Egypt a few years ago. Generally speaking, a lot of times it’s hard to predict why wild animals do or don’t do anything. But if this was a behavior that was real, there would be evidence that it happens and there isn’t any, despite a lot of people looking.

Was it commonly believed in the 1970s? No. Did Peter Benchley make it up? No. It’s a thing in some animals for sure. In some neighborhoods, people will pick up gators and move them hundreds of miles away; the gators will move back to that exact same spot. I think the same thing has been shown with bears. Wolves certainly have a home range. But for sharks, it’s not a thing.

Ars Technica: Quint has a famous monologue about surviving the USS Indianapolis sinking and witnessing crew members being eaten by sharks. How historically accurate is that?. 

David Shiffman: We don’t really know how many of the people who were killed following the sinking of the Indianapolis were killed by sharks. Certainly, firsthand accounts report that sharks were present. But those people were in the water because they were on a boat that exploded after being hit by a torpedo. That is not good for your health. So a lot of those people were either mortally wounded or killed by that initial explosion, and then perhaps were scavenged by sharks. Those are also people who are in the water bleeding, making a lot of noise. That’s an incredible scene in the movie. But the deaths Quint attributes to sharks is more people than have been reliably documented as killed by sharks in the history of the world ever.

Ars Technica: How accurate is Jaws in terms of how and why sharks attack humans? For instance, someone says that people splashing in the water mimics what sharks want to hunt. 

David Shiffman: Anyone who tells you they know exactly why a wild animal does or does not do something is someone who you should be a little skeptical of. But a leading theory, which I think makes sense, is this idea of mistaken identity. Some of the people who are most commonly bitten by sharks, though it’s still astronomically rare, are surfers. These are people who are cutting through the water with a silhouette that resembles a seal, wearing black neoprene, which is modeled after seal blubber. Sharks have been patrolling the ocean since before there were trees on land, and it’s only in the last hundred years or so that they’ve had to wonder, is that my preferred prey, or is it a human using technology to mimic my preferred prey for recreational purposes?

If you’ve been in the ocean, there’s been a shark not that far from you, and it knew you were there, and you probably had no idea it was there and had a pleasant day in the water. The sharks that do bite people, they take a little bite and they go, what is that? And swim away. That can be real bad if it hits a major artery or if you’re far from shore. Again, I don’t want to minimize the real harm. But it is not a shark hunting you because it has a taste for human flesh. They don’t have hands. They explore their environment with their mouths and most things in their environment they can eat.

I think Mythbusters tested fish blood versus mammal blood versus chicken blood, I think. And the sharks were attracted to fish blood and had no reaction to the others. So these are animals that are very, very, very well adapted for environmental conditions that in some cases don’t really exist anymore.

Man vs. great white

Brody fights off an increasingly aggressive great white. Universal Pictures

With humans, most of the time, what happens is an immediate bite, and then they swim away. With seals or large prey, they’ll often hit it really hard from below, sometimes knocking it completely out of the water. Or if they’re hunting whales or something that they can’t fit in their mouth, they just take a huge bite and swim away. With fish, they swallow them whole to the extent possible. Sometimes there’s a shaking motion to snap a neck or whatever. You see that with some land predators, too. It’s nothing like what’s seen there—but what an awesome scene.

Ars Technica: What is your favorite scene in Jaws and the one that makes you cringe the most?

David Shiffman: Oh, man. It’s really a great movie, and it holds up well. It was hailed as revolutionary at the time because you hardly ever see the shark. But the reason they did that was because the model of the shark that they built kept breaking. So they decided, let’s just shoot it from the shark’s eye view and save money and annoyance. I love the scene when Hooper realizes that the tiger shark that they’ve caught is obviously not the right species and the reaction that people have to that—just this idea that science and expertise can be used to solve problems. Whenever a shark bites someone, there are people who go out and kill any shark they can find and think that they’re helping.

One of my favorite professional experiences is the American Alasdair Rank Society conference. One year it was in Austin, Texas, near the original Alamo Drafthouse. Coincidentally, while we were there, the cinema held a “Jaws on the Water” event. They had a giant projector screen, and we were sitting in a lake in inner tubes while there were scuba divers in the water messing with us from below. I did that with 75 professional shark scientists. It was absolutely amazing. It helped knowing that it was a lake.

Ars Technica: If you wanted to make another really good shark movie, what would that look like today? 

David Shiffman: I often say that there are now three main movie plots: a man goes on a quest, a stranger comes to town, or there’s a shark somewhere you would not expect a shark to be. It depends if you want to make a movie that’s actually good, or one of the more fun “bad” movies like Sharknado or Sharktopus or Avalanche Sharks—the tagline of which is “snow is just frozen water.” These movies are just off the rails and absolutely incredible. The ones that don’t take themselves too seriously and are in on the joke tend to be very fun. But then you get movies like Netflix’s Under Paris (2024); they absolutely thought they were making a good movie and took themselves very seriously, and it was painful to watch.

I would love to see actual science and conservation portrayed. I’d love to see species that are not typically found in these movies featured. The Sharknado series actually did a great job of this because they talked with me and other scientists after the success of the first one. Sharknado II is thanked in my PhD dissertation, because they funded one of my chapters. In that movie, it’s not just great whites and tiger sharks and bull sharks. They have a whale shark that falls out of the sky and hits someone. They have a cookie-cutter shark that falls out of the sky and burrows through someone’s leg. There’s a lot of shark diversity out there, and it’d be nice to get that featured more.

Photo of Jennifer Ouellette

Jennifer is a senior writer at Ars Technica with a particular focus on where science meets culture, covering everything from physics and related interdisciplinary topics to her favorite films and TV series. Jennifer lives in Baltimore with her spouse, physicist Sean M. Carroll, and their two cats, Ariel and Caliban.

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Review: Thunderbolts* is a refreshing return to peak Marvel form

It looks like Marvel has another critical and box office hit on its hands—and deservedly so—with Thunderbolts*, a follow-up of sorts to 2021’s Black Widow and the final film in the MCU’s Phase Five.

Yes, the asterisk is part of the title. Yes, I found that choice inexplicable when it was first announced. And yes, having seen the film, the asterisk makes perfect sense now as a well-timed joke. I won’t spill the beans because that would spoil the fun. Instead, I’ll simply say that Thunderbolts* is a refreshing return to peak Marvel form: well-paced, witty, and action-packed with enough heart to ensure you care about the characters.

(Some spoilers below.)

It’s basically the MCU’s version of The Suicide Squad (2021) with less over-the-top R-rated violence. In fact, that film’s director, James Gunn, was originally attached to direct Thunderbolts* but bowed out because he felt the projects were just too similar. Yet the PG-13 film definitely boasts that irreverent Gunn sensibility, with a vibe on par with the director’s delightful Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). Thunderbolts* might not reach the spectacular box office heights of last year’s R-rated Deadpool and Wolverine, but so far I’m optimistic about the MCU’s future.

Black Widow introduced us to Natasha Romanoff’s (Scarlett Johansson) backstory as a child recruited for training as an elite assassin, along with her adoptive sister (and equally lethal assassin) Yelena Belova (Florence Pugh). Thunderbolts* finds Yelena working as a hired mercenary for CIA director Valentina Allegra de Fontaine (Julia Louis-Dreyfus), but she’s still grieving the loss of Natasha, and her heart just isn’t in.

Yelena’s existential ennui leads her to seek out her adoptive father, Alexei/Red Guardian (David Harbour), the Russian super soldier counterpart to Captain America. He’s not doing much better, working as a limo driver and living off takeout, and tells Yelena that Natasha found the secret to fulfillment: be a superhero.

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Monty Python and the Holy Grail turns 50


Ars staffers reflect upon the things they love most about this masterpiece of absurdist comedy.

king arthur's and his knights staring up at something.

Credit: EMI Films/Python (Monty) Pictures

Credit: EMI Films/Python (Monty) Pictures

Monty Python and the Holy Grail is widely considered to be among the best comedy films of all time, and it’s certainly one of the most quotable. This absurdist masterpiece sending up Arthurian legend turns 50 (!) this year.

It was partly Python member Terry Jones’ passion for the Middle Ages and Arthurian legend that inspired Holy Grail and its approach to comedy. (Jones even went on to direct a 2004 documentary, Medieval Lives.) The troupe members wrote several drafts beginning in 1973, and Jones and Terry Gilliam were co-directors—the first full-length feature for each, so filming was one long learning process. Reviews were mixed when Holy Grail was first released—much like they were for Young Frankenstein (1974), another comedic masterpiece—but audiences begged to differ. It was the top-grossing British film screened in the US in 1975. And its reputation has only grown over the ensuing decades.

The film’s broad cultural influence extends beyond the entertainment industry. Holy Grail has been the subject of multiple scholarly papers examining such topics as its effectiveness at teaching Arthurian literature or geometric thought and logic, the comedic techniques employed, and why the depiction of a killer rabbit is so fitting (killer rabbits frequently appear drawn in the margins of Gothic manuscripts). My personal favorite was a 2018 tongue-in-cheek paper on whether the Black Knight could have survived long enough to make good on his threat to bite King Arthur’s legs off (tl;dr: no).

So it’s not at all surprising that Monty Python and the Holy Grail proved to be equally influential and beloved by Ars staffers, several of whom offer their reminiscences below.

They were nerd-gassing before it was cool

The Monty Python troupe famously made Holy Grail on a shoestring budget—so much so that they couldn’t afford to have the knights ride actual horses. (There are only a couple of scenes featuring a horse, and apparently it’s the same horse.) Rather than throwing up their hands in resignation, that very real constraint fueled the Pythons’ creativity. The actors decided the knights would simply pretend to ride horses while their porters followed behind, banging halves of coconut shells together to mimic the sound of horses’ hooves—a time-honored Foley effect dating back to the early days of radio.

Being masters of absurdist humor, naturally, they had to call attention to it. Arthur and his trusty servant, Patsy (Gilliam), approach the castle of their first potential recruit. When Arthur informs the guards that they have “ridden the length and breadth of the land,” one of the guards isn’t having it. “What, ridden on a horse? You’re using coconuts! You’ve got two empty halves of coconut, and you’re bangin’ ’em together!”

That raises the obvious question: Where did they get the coconuts? What follows is one of the greatest examples of nerd-gassing yet to appear on film. Arthur claims he and Patsy found them, but the guard is incredulous since the coconut is tropical and England is a temperate zone. Arthur counters by invoking the example of migrating swallows. Coconuts do not migrate, but Arthur suggests they could be carried by swallows gripping a coconut by the husk.

The guard still isn’t having it. It’s a question of getting the weight ratios right, you see, to maintain air-speed velocity. Another guard gets involved, suggesting it might be possible with an African swallow, but that species is non-migratory. And so on. The two are still debating the issue as an exasperated Arthur rides off to find another recruit.

The best part? There’s a callback to that scene late in the film when the knights must answer three questions to cross the Bridge of Death or else be chucked into the Gorge of Eternal Peril. When it’s Arthur’s turn, the third question is “What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow?” Arthur asks whether this is an African or a European swallow. This stumps the Bridgekeeper, who gets flung into the gorge. Sir Belvedere asks how Arthur came to know so much about swallows. Arthur replies, “Well, you have to know these things when you’re a king, you know.”

The plucky Black Knight (“It’s just a flesh wound!”) will always hold a special place in my heart, but that debate over air-speed velocities of laden versus unladen swallows encapsulates what makes Holy Grail a timeless masterpiece.

Jennifer Ouellette

A bunny out for blood

“Oh, it’s just a harmless little bunny, isn’t it?”

Despite their appearances, rabbits aren’t always the most innocent-looking animals. Recent reports of rabbit strikes on airplanes are the latest examples of the mayhem these creatures of chaos can inflict on unsuspecting targets.

I learned that lesson a long time ago, though, thanks partly to my way-too-early viewings of the animated Watership Down and Monty Python and the Holy Grail. There I was, about 8 years old and absent of paternal accompaniment, watching previously cuddly creatures bloodying each other and severing the heads of King Arthur’s retinue. While Watership Down’s animal-on-animal violence might have been a bit scarring at that age, I enjoyed the slapstick humor of the Rabbit of Caerbannog scene (many of the jokes my colleagues highlight went over my head upon my initial viewing).

Despite being warned of the creature’s viciousness by Tim the Enchanter, the Knights of the Round Table dismiss the Merlin stand-in’s fear and charge the bloodthirsty creature. But the knights quickly realize they’re no match for the “bad-tempered rodent,” which zips around in the air, goes straight for the throat, and causes the surviving knights to run away in fear. If Arthur and his knights possessed any self-awareness, they might have learned a lesson about making assumptions about appearances.

But hopefully that’s a takeaway for viewers of 1970s British pop culture involving rabbits. Even cute bunnies, as sweet as they may seem initially, can be engines of destruction: “Death awaits you all with nasty, big, pointy teeth.”

Jacob May

Can’t stop the music

The most memorable songs from Monty Python and the Holy Grail were penned by Neil Innes, who frequently collaborated with the troupe and appears in the film. His “Brave Sir Robin” amusingly parodied minstrel tales of valor by imagining all the torturous ways that one knight might die. Then there’s his “Knights of the Round Table,” the first musical number performed by the cast—if you don’t count the monk chants punctuated with slaps on the head with wooden planks. That song hilariously rouses not just wild dancing from knights but also claps from prisoners who otherwise dangle from cuffed wrists.

But while these songs have stuck in my head for decades, Monty Python’s Terry Jones once gave me a reason to focus on the canned music instead, and it weirdly changed the way I’ve watched the movie ever since.

Back in 2001, Jones told Billboard that an early screening for investors almost tanked the film. He claimed that after the first five minutes, the movie got no laughs whatsoever. For Jones, whose directorial debut could have died in that moment, the silence was unthinkable. “It can’t be that unfunny,” he told Billboard. “There must be something wrong.”

Jones soon decided that the soundtrack was the problem, immediately cutting the “wonderfully rich, atmospheric” songs penned by Innes that seemed to be “overpowering the funny bits” in favor of canned music.

Reading this prompted an immediate rewatch because I needed to know what the first bit was that failed to get a laugh from that fateful audience. It turned out to be the scene where King Arthur encounters peasants in a field who deny knowing that there even was a king. As usual, I was incapable of holding back a burst of laughter when one peasant woman grieves, “Well, I didn’t vote for you” while packing random clumps of mud into the field. It made me wonder if any song might have robbed me of that laugh, and that made me pay closer attention to how Jones flipped the script and somehow meticulously used the canned music to extract more laughs.

The canned music was licensed from a British sound library that helped the 1920s movie business evolve past silent films. They’re some of the earliest songs to summon emotion from viewers whose eyes were glued to a screen. In Monty Python and the Holy Grail, which features a naive King Arthur enduring his perilous journey on a wood stick horse, the canned music provides the most predictable soundtrack you could imagine that might score a child’s game of make-believe. It also plays the straight man by earnestly pulsing to convey deep trouble as knights approach the bridge of death or heavenly trumpeting the anticipated appearance of the Holy Grail.

It’s easy to watch the movie without noticing the canned music, as the colorful performances are Jones’ intended focus. Not relying on punchlines, the group couldn’t afford any nuance to be lost. But there is at least one moment where Jones obviously relies on the music to overwhelm the acting to compel a belly laugh. Just before “the most foul, cruel, bad-tempered rodent” appears, a quick surge of dramatic music that cuts out just as suddenly makes it all the more absurd when the threat emerges and appears to be an “ordinary rabbit.”

It’s during this scene, too, that King Arthur delivers a line that sums up how predictably odd but deceptively artful the movie’s use of canned music really is. When he meets Tim the Enchanter—who tries to warn the knights about the rabbit’s “pointy teeth” by evoking loud thunder rolls and waggling his fingers in front of his mouth—Arthur turns to the knights and says, “What an eccentric performance.”

Ashley Belanger

Thank the “keg rock conclave”

I tried to make music a big part of my teenage identity because I didn’t have much else. I was a suburban kid with a B-minus/C-plus average, no real hobbies, sports, or extra-curriculars, plus a deeply held belief that Nine Inch Nails, the Beastie Boys, and Aphex Twin would never get their due as geniuses. Classic Rock, the stuff jocks listened to at parties and practice? That my dad sang along to after having a few? No thanks.

There were cultural heroes, there were musty, overwrought villains, and I knew the score. Or so I thought.

I don’t remember exactly where I found the little fact that scarred my oppositional ego forever. It might have been Spin magazine, a weekend MTV/VH1 feature, or that Rolling Stone book about the ’70s (I bought it for the punks, I swear). But at some point, I learned that a who’s-who of my era’s played-out bands—Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, even Jethro (freaking) Tull—personally funded one of my favorite subversive movies. Jimmy Page and Robert Plant, key members of the keg-rock conclave, attended the premiere.

It was such a small thing, but it raised such big, naive, adolescent questions. Somebody had to pay for Holy Grail—it didn’t just arrive as something passed between nerds? People who make things I might not enjoy could financially support things I do enjoy? There was a time when today’s overcelebrated dinosaurs were cool and hip in the subculture? I had common ground with David Gilmour?

Ever since, when a reference to Holy Grail is made, especially to how cheap it looks, I think about how I once learned that my beloved nerds (or theater kids) wouldn’t even have those coconut horses were it not for some decent-hearted jocks.

Kevin Purdy

A masterpiece of absurdism

“I blow my nose at you, English pig-dog!” EMI Films/Python (Monty) Pictures

I was young enough that I’d never previously stayed awake until midnight on New Year’s Eve. My parents were off to a party, my younger brother was in bed, and my older sister had a neglectful attitude toward babysitting me. So I was parked in front of the TV when the local PBS station aired a double feature of The Yellow Submarine and The Holy Grail.

At the time, I probably would have said my mind was blown. In retrospect, I’d prefer to think that my mind was expanded.

For years, those films mostly existed as a source of one-line evocations of sketch comedy nirvana that I’d swap with my friends. (I’m not sure I’ve ever lacked a group of peers where a properly paced “With… a herring!” had meaning.) But over time, I’ve come to appreciate other ways that the films have stuck with me. I can’t say whether they set me on an aesthetic trajectory that has continued for decades or if they were just the first things to tickle some underlying tendencies that were lurking in my not-yet-fully-wired brain.

In either case, my brain has developed into a huge fan of absurdism, whether in sketch comedy, longer narratives like Arrested Development or the lyrics of Courtney Barnett. Or, let’s face it, any stream of consciousness lyrics I’ve been able to hunt down. But Monty Python remains a master of the form, and The Holy Grail’s conclusion in a knight bust remains one of its purest expressions.

A bit less obviously, both films are probably my first exposures to anti-plotting, where linearity and a sense of time were really besides the point. With some rare exceptions—the eating of Sir Robin’s minstrels, Ringo putting a hole in his pocket—the order of the scenes were completely irrelevant. Few of the incidents had much consequence for future scenes. Since I was unused to staying up past midnight at that age, I’d imagine the order of events was fuzzy already by the next day. By the time I was swapping one-line excerpts with friends, it was long gone. And it just didn’t matter.

In retrospect, I think that helped ready my brain for things like Catch-22 and its convoluted, looping, non-Euclidean plotting. The novel felt like a revelation when I first read it, but I’ve since realized it fits a bit more comfortably within a spectrum of works that play tricks with time and find clever connections among seemingly random events.

I’m not sure what possessed someone to place these two films together as appropriate New Year’s Eve programming. But I’d like to think it was more intentional than I had any reason to suspect at the time. And I feel like I owe them a debt.

—John Timmer

A delightful send-up of autocracy

King Arthur attempting to throttle a peasant in the field

“See the violence inherent in the system!” Credit: Python (Monty) Pictures

What an impossible task to pick just a single thing I love about this film! But if I had to choose one scene, it would be when a lost King Arthur comes across an old woman—but oops, it’s actually a man named Dennis—and ends up in a discussion about medieval politics. Arthur explains that he is king because the Lady of the Lake conferred the sword Excalibur on him, signifying that he should rule as king of the Britons by divine right.

To this, Dennis replies, “Strange women lying in ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government. Supreme executive power derives from a mandate from the masses, not from some farcical aquatic ceremony.”

Even though it was filmed half a century ago, the scene offers a delightful send-up of autocracy. And not to be too much of a downer here, but all of us living in the United States probably need to be reminded that living in an autocracy would suck for a lot of reasons. So let’s not do that.

Eric Berger

Photo of Jennifer Ouellette

Jennifer is a senior writer at Ars Technica with a particular focus on where science meets culture, covering everything from physics and related interdisciplinary topics to her favorite films and TV series. Jennifer lives in Baltimore with her spouse, physicist Sean M. Carroll, and their two cats, Ariel and Caliban.

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Our top 10 Jackie Chan movies


Happy birthday to a living legend

Chan’s distinctive style combines slapstick, acrobatics, martial arts, and astonishing stunts he performs himself.

There is no action star quite like Jackie Chan, who made his name in the Hong Kong movie industry starting in the late 1970s and developed his own signature style: combining slapstick physical comedy with acrobatics and martial arts, and designing astonishing stunts—all of which he performed himself along with his own handpicked stunt team. His stunt sequences and fight choreography have influenced everything from The Matrix and Kill Bill to the John Wick franchise and Kung Fu Panda (in which he voiced Master Monkey).

Born on April 7, 1954, Chan studied acrobatics, martial arts, and acting as a child at the Peking Opera School’s China Drama Academy and became one of the Seven Little Fortunes. Those skills served him well in his early days as a Hong Kong stuntman, which eventually landed him a gig as an extra and stunt double on Bruce Lee’s 1972 film, Fist of Fury. He also appeared in a minor role in Lee’s Enter the Dragon (1973).

Initially, Hong Kong producers, impressed by Chan’s skills, wanted to mold him into the next Bruce Lee, but that just wasn’t Chan’s style. Chan found his milieu when director Yuen Woo-ping cast him in 1978’s kung fu comedy Snake in the Eagle’s Shadow and gave Chan creative freedom over the stunt work. It was Drunken Master, released that same year, that established Chan as a rising talent, and he went on to appear in more than 150 movies, becoming one of Hong Kong’s biggest stars.

Chan struggled initially to break into Hollywood, racking up commercial misses with 1980’s The Big Brawl and 1985’s The Protector. He had a minor role in 1981’s hit comedy, The Cannonball Run, and while it didn’t do much to raise his US profile, he did adopt that film’s clever inclusion of bloopers and outtakes during closing credits. It’s now one of the trademark features of Jackie Chan films, beloved by fans.

By the mid 1990s, Chan had amassed a substantial cult following in the US, thanks to the growing availability of his earlier films in the home video market, and finally achieved mainstream Hollywood success with Rumble in the Bronx (1995) and Rush Hour (1998). In his later years, Chan has moved away from kung fu comedies toward more dramatic roles, including the 2010 remake of The Karate Kid.

Look, nobody watches classic Jackie Chan movies for the plot, complex characterizations, or the dubbing (which is often hilariously bad). We’re here to gasp in admiration at the spectacular fight choreography and jaw-dropping stunts, peppered with a generous helping of slapstick humor. His gift for turning ordinary objects into makeshift weapons is part of his unique style, which I like to call Found Object Foo. Who could forget the hilarious chopsticks duel and “emotional kung-fu” (eg, fighting while crying or laughing to unmask an opponent’s weaknesses) in 1979’s The Fearless Hyena? Chan even inspired the entire parkour movement.

Chan has broken multiple fingers, toes, and ribs over the course of his long career, not to mention both cheekbones, hips, sternum, neck, and ankle. He has a permanent hole in his skull from one near-fatal injury. And he did it all for our entertainment. The least we can do is honor him on his 71st birthday. You’ll find our top 10 Jackie Chan films listed below in chronological order, spanning 30 years.

Drunken Master (1978)

bare chested young Jackie Chan in crouched position with hands held in front, while an older man stands beside him urging him on

Jackie Chan as Wong Fei-hung in Drunken Master. Credit: Seasonal Film Corp

In Drunken Master, Chan portrays a fictional version of legendary Chinese martial artist/folk hero Wong Fei-Hung, who undergoes strict, punishing training under the tutelage of another legend, Beggar So (Yuen Liu-Tin), aka the Drunken Master because he practices a martial art called “Drunken Boxing.” Fei-Hung chafes at the training initially, but after a humiliating defeat in a fight against the villain, Yim Tit-sam (Hwang Jang-lee, a specialist in Taekwondo), he devotes himself to learning the martial art.

Naturally we’re going to get a final showdown between Fei-Hung and his nemesis, Tit-Sam, aka “Thunderfoot” or “Thunderleg,” because of his devastating “Devil’s Kick.” Fei-Hung is able to match his rival’s kicks, but falters again when he comes up against Tit-Sam’s infamous “Devil’s Shadowless Hand.” That’s because Fei-Hung refused to learn a crucial element of the Hung Ga fighting system because he thought it was too “girly.” He ends up inventing his unique version of the technique (“Drunken Miss Ho”) to win the day. These are all fictitious moves that are nonetheless enormously fun to watch—even though Chan nearly lost an eye after taking a blow to the brow ridge in one scene.

Project A (1983)

Jackie Chan hanging off a clock tower

The famous clock tower stunt.  Credit: Golden Harvest

This film marks the official debut of the Jackie Chan Stunt Team and co-stars Chan’s longtime martial arts buddies, Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao, both major stars in their own right. They were known as the “Three Dragons” in the 1980s. Chan plays Sergeant Dragon Ma, a police officer battling both pirates and gangsters in Hong Kong, and corruption within his own law enforcement ranks. Hung plays a street informant named Fei (or Fats), who tips off Dragon to an illegal gun deal, while Biao plays an inspector and the nephew of the police captain, Hong Tin-Tsu. The three team up to take down the pirates and gangsters and restore integrity to the force.

There’s a lot of delightful slapstick stunt work in Project A, reminiscent of the work of Buster Keaton and Harold Lloyd, but apparently Chan never saw either man’s films before developing his signature style. (In 1987’s Project A Part 2, Chan does pay direct homage to Keaton’s most famous stunt from Steamboat Bill, Jr.) The highlight is Chan hanging off a clock tower (a la Lloyd) 60 feet above the ground and falling backward through a canopy. Ever the perfectionist, Chan insisted on an additional two takes of the dangerous stunt until he was satisfied he’d gotten it exactly right.

Wheels on Meals (1984)

Chan vs Benny “The Jet” Urquidez: one of the best martial arts fight scenes of all time.

Hung and Biao joined Chan again for 1984’s Wheels on Meals, with Chan and Biao playing Chinese cousins running a food truck in Barcelona. They get snared into helping their private investigator friend Moby (Hung) track down kidnappers intent on capturing a young woman named Sylvia (Lola Forner), who turns out to be the illegitimate daughter of a Spanish count.

There’s an exciting raid of the villains’ castle that involves scaling the castle walls, but the undisputed highlight of the film is the showdown between Chan and professional kickboxing champion Benny “the Jet” Urquidez, widely regarded as one of the best martial arts fight sequences on film. Both Chan and Urquidez exchange kicks and blows with dazzling speed. At one point, Urquidez lets loose a kick so fast that the resulting wake blows out a row of candles. (You can see it in the clip above; it’s not a trick.) And throughout, one gets Chan’s trademark physical comedy, even taking a moment to rest on a chair to catch his breath before the next round of blows.

Police Story (1985)

Jackie Chan in green khaki jumpsuit hanging off a bus using the crooked handle of a metal umbrella

Chan hung off a moving bus using the crook in an umbrella handle. Credit: Golden Harvest

Police Story introduced Chan as Hong Kong Police detective Ka-Kui “Kevin” Chan and launched one of the actor’s most popular trilogies. Kevin joins an undercover mission to arrest a well-known crime lord and through a complicated series of events, ends up being framed for murdering a fellow police officer. Now a fugitive, he must track down and capture the crime lord to clear his name—defeating a horde of evil henchmen and saving his girlfriend, May (Maggie Cheung), in the process.

The film is noteworthy for its many elaborately orchestrated stunt scenes. For instance, during a car chase, Chan finds himself hanging off a double-decker bus with nothing but the hooked end of a metal umbrella. (An earlier wooden umbrella prop kept slipping off the bus.) The climactic battle takes place in a shopping mall, and the stunt team broke so many glass panels that the film was dubbed “Glass Story” by the crew. The finale features Chan sliding down a pole covered in strings of electric lights that exploded as he descended. Chan suffered second-degree burns on his hands as well as a dislocated pelvis and back injury when he landed.

Armour of God (1986)

Jackie chan opening coat to reveal array of explosives strapped to his chest

Chan nearly died doing a stunt for Armour of God. Credit: Golden Harvest

Of all the death-defying stunts Chan performed over hundreds of films, the one that came the closest to killing him—while shooting Armour of God—was relatively mundane. Chan was simply jumping off a ledge onto a tree, but the branch broke, and he crashed to the ground, hitting his head on a rock. His skull was cracked, with a bit of bone penetrating part of his brain, an injury that took eight hours of surgery to repair, followed by a long recovery that delayed production of the film. Chan has a permanent hole in his skull and suffered partial hearing loss in his right ear.

Chan stuck with tradition and showed the footage of the accident in the ending credits of this Indiana-Jones style adventure film. His daring base jump off a cliff—after setting off a series of explosives in a cave to take out a monastic cult—onto the top of a hot air balloon that closes the film was done in two stages. Since Chan had no BASE jumping experience, he jumped onto the balloon by skydiving off a plane. The crew rigged him up with a wire to get a shot of him “jumping” off the cliff.

Police Story 3: Supercop (1992)

Chan and Michelle Yeoh take out the bad guys atop a moving train.

If the second installment of this trilogy was largely dismissed as mediocre “filler” in Chan’s expansive oeuvre, the third film, Supercop, ranks as one of his best. Kevin Chan returns for another undercover assignment to take down a drug cartel led by kingpin Khun Chaibat (Kenneth Tsang), and finds himself paired with Chinese Interpol officer Jessica Yang, played by a young Michelle Yeoh (credited as Michelle Kwan). This does not please Kevin’s longtime girlfriend, May (Maggie Cheung), who ends up blowing his cover and getting taken hostage by Chaibat and his wife (Josephine Koo) because of her jealousy.

May might be a bit irritating, but Yeoh’s Yang is pure dynamite, matching Chan’s prowess in a series of fight scenes and gamely performing her own stunts—including riding a motorbike onto a moving train (see clip above), where she and Chan battle the bad guys while dodging helicopter blades. (Yeoh had a narrow escape of her own during an earlier stunt when she fell into oncoming traffic, suffering only minor injuries.) Special shoutout to Bill Tung, reprising his role as Kevin’s superintendent, “Uncle” Bill Wong, who at one point appears in drag as Kevin’s aging grandmother in a remote village to keep Kevin’s cover story secure.

Drunken Master II (1994)

Chan fights fire with fire in Drunken Master II.

Released in the US as The Legend of Drunken Master, this one will always top my list as Jackie Chan’s best film, against some very stiff competition. It works on every level. This is technically not a sequel to the 1978 film, but it does feature Chan playing the same character, Wong Fei-hung. The film opens with Fei-hung getting into a fight all across (and under) a train with a military officer who has mistaken Fei-hung’s box of ginseng for his own box containing the Imperial Seal. The British consul wants to smuggle the seal out of China, with the help of a group of local thugs. Fei-hung finds himself embroiled in efforts to retrieve the seal and keep it in China where it belongs.

Fei-hung is a fan of Drunken Boxing, and his father disapproves of this and other screwups, kicking his son out of the house. We are treated to an amusing scene in which an intoxicated Fei-hung drowns his sorrows and sings an improvised song, “I Hate Daddy”—right before being attacked by the thugs and soundly defeated, since he’s too tipsy even for Drunken Boxing. (The trick is to be just inebriated enough.)

But Fei-hung gets his revenge and saves the day in a literal fiery showdown against the consul’s chief enforcer, John (taekwondo master Ken Lo). This is Chan’s physical comedy at its best: Drunken Boxing requires one to execute precise martial arts moves while remaining loose and being slightly off-balance. The stunts are equally impressive. At one point in the finale, Chan falls backward into a bed of hot coals (see clip above), scrambling to safety, before chugging industrial alcohol and blowing flames at his attackers wielding red-hot pokers.

Rush Hour (1998)

black man and asian man on the street in front of yellow car with hands up, pistols dangling from one finger to signal surrender

Chris Tucker co-starred with Chan in Rush Hour. Credit: New Line Cinema

Chan finally made his big North American mainstream breakthrough with 1995’s Rumble in the Bronx, which grossed $76 million worldwide, but if we’re choosing among the actor’s US films, I’d pick 1998’s Rush Hour over Rumble for inclusion on this list. Hong Kong Detective Lee (Chan) comes to Los Angeles to help negotiate the return of a Chinese consul’s kidnapped daughter, Soo-Yung (Julia Hsu), to whom he once taught martial arts. He’s paired with LAPD Det. James Carter (Chris Tucker), who is supposed to keep Lee occupied and out of the way while the “real” cops handle the investigation. Wacky hijinks ensue as the two gradually learn to work together and ultimately save the day.

Sure, the decades of injury and advancing age by this point have clearly taken their toll; Chan moves more slowly and performs fewer stunts, but his fighting skills remain world-class. While Rush Hour grossed an impressive $244 million worldwide and spawned two (subpar) sequels, it was not a critical favorite; nor was it among Chan’s favorites, who criticized the dearth of action and his English, admitting he often had no idea what Tucker was saying. The two nonetheless have good onscreen chemistry, with a solid supporting cast, and it all adds up to an entertaining film.

Shanghai Noon (2000)

asian man with long hair in a cowboy hat with hands on hips, a stance mirrored by blonde man standing next to him on the right, in a 19th century suit

Chan teamed up with Owen Wilson for Shanghai Noon. Credit: Buena Vista Pictures

Chan found an even better match when he co-starred with Owen Wilson in Shanghai Noon, best described as a “buddy Western” action/adventure. Chan plays Chon Wang (as in John Wayne), a Chinese Imperial guard who comes to the American West to rescue the kidnapped Chinese princess Pei-Pei (Lucy Liu). He ends up bonding with a bumbling, rakishly charming outlaw named Roy O’Bannon (Wilson), who agrees to help find the princess with the ulterior motive of stealing some of the gold being offered as ransom. Since they are also accidental fugitives, they must elude a posse led by the sadistic Marshall Nathan Van Cleef (Xander Berkeley).

Both Chan and Wilson’s comedic talents are on brilliant display here, with plenty of creative fight choreography and set stunt pieces to keep hardcore fans happy. The script is clever, the supporting cast is excellent, and the pacing never lags. If you’re keen to make it a double feature, the 2003 sequel, Shanghai Knights, brings Chon Wang and Roy to jolly old England to recover a stolen Imperial Seal and foil a plot against the British throne. Granted, it’s not as good as its predecessor, but the Chan/Wilson chemistry still makes it work.

The Forbidden Kingdom (2008)

man in white shirt and green khaki paints kicking up from his back on the ground at another man in disheveled dress in a fighting stance

Chan and Jet Li found it easy to work together in The Forbidden Kingdom. Credit: Lionsgate

The Forbidden Kingdom is a fantasy film in the wuxia genre that features not just Chan, but his fellow martial arts film legend, Jet Li, for their first on-screen pairing. A young man in Boston, Jason (Michael Angarano), who loves wuxia movies, finds a mysterious golden staff in a local Chinatown pawn shop that transports him to a village in ancient China. He is attacked by soldiers keen to get the staff but is saved by an inebriated traveling scholar named Lu Yan (Chan), a reference to one of the Eight Immortals mentioned in the Drunken Master films.

The magical staff turns out to be the key to releasing the mythical Monkey King, imprisoned by his rival the Jade Warlord. Jason’s presence could fulfill an ancient prophecy of a Seeker who will use the staff to free the Monkey King. Li plays the Silent Monk, who teams up with Jason, Lu Yan, and a young woman known as the Golden Sparrow (Liu Yifei) to fulfill the prophecy. The Forbidden Kingdom is a visual feast, featuring stunning fight choreography and production design in the wuxia tradition, as well as an impressive, highly stylized fight scene between Li (tai chi) and Chan (Drunken Boxing).

Photo of Jennifer Ouellette

Jennifer is a senior writer at Ars Technica with a particular focus on where science meets culture, covering everything from physics and related interdisciplinary topics to her favorite films and TV series. Jennifer lives in Baltimore with her spouse, physicist Sean M. Carroll, and their two cats, Ariel and Caliban.

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The Stepford Wives turns 50

It’s hard to believe it’s been 50 years since the release of The Stepford Wives, a film based on the 1972 novel of the same name by Ira Levin. It might not be to everyone’s taste, but its lasting cultural influence is undeniable. A psychological horror/thriller with a hint of sci-fi, the film spawned multiple made-for-TV sequels and a campy 2004 remake, as well as inspiring one of the main characters in the hit series Desperate Housewives. The term “Stepford wife” became part of our shared cultural lexicon, and Jordan Peele even cited the film as one of the key influences for his 2017 masterpiece Get Out.

(Spoilers below for the novel and both film adaptations.)

Levin’s novels were a hot commodity in Hollywood at the time, especially after the success of his most famous novel, Rosemary’s Baby (1967), adapted into a 1968 horror film starring Mia Farrow. (The novels A Kiss Before Dying, The Boys from Brazil, Sliver, and Levin’s play Deathtrap were also adapted to film.) The plot of the The Stepford Wives film follows the novel’s plot fairly closely.

Katharine Ross stars as Joanna Eberhart, a young wife and mother and aspiring photographer who moves with her family to the seemingly idyllic fictional Connecticut suburb of Stepford at her husband Walter’s (Peter Masterson) insistence. She bonds with sassy fellow newcomer Bobbie (Paula Prentiss) over scotch and Ring Dings (and their respective messy kitchens), mutually marveling at the vacuous behavior of the other neighborhood’ wives.

There are soon hints that all is not right in Stepford. Carol (Nanette Newman) has a bit too much to drink at a garden party and begins to glitch. Together with dissatisfied trophy wife Charmaine (Tina Louise), Joanna and Bobbie hold a women’s “consciousness raising” meeting (aka a bitching session), only to have it devolve into the other wives raving about the time-saving merits of Easy On spray starch. Meanwhile, Walter has joined the exclusive Stepford Men’s Association and becomes increasingly secretive and distant.

When Charmaine suddenly transforms into yet another vapid housewife after a weekend getaway with her husband, Joanna and Bobbie become suspicious and decide to investigate. They discover that there used to be a women’s group in Stepford—headed by Carol, no less—but all the transformed wives suddenly lost interest. Is it something in the water causing the transformation? That turns out to be a dead end, but one clue is that the creepy head of the Men’s Association, Dale “Diz” Coba (Patrick O’Neal), used to work for Disney building animatronics. (When Diz first tells Joanna about his background, she says she doesn’t believe it: “You don’t look like someone who enjoys making people happy.” Her instincts are correct.)

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